1、_ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSXEOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWKHVWDWHRIWHFKQLFDO and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising tKHUHIURPLVWKHVROHUHVSRQVL
2、ELOLWRIWKHXVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2014 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, st
3、ored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-079
4、0 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J3007_201402 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J3007 FEB2014 Issued 2014-02 Top Speed Test Procedure for Elect
5、ric Motorcycles RATIONALE This Recommended Practice has been developed to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for manufacturers of electric motorcycles to inform prospective owners of the top speed that can be expected from specific makes and models. FOREWORD This Recommended Practice establis
6、hes a test track-based procedure for determining the top speed of electric motorcycles under standardized operating conditions representing a smooth, level roadway, at an altitude of 200 meters (656 feet) above sea level and an ambient temperature of 20C (68F). A unique feature of the procedure is t
7、he use of a correction factor to account for air density that allows top speed to be measured under a wide range of atmospheric conditions and altitudes. INTRODUCTION This maximum speed test procedure ZDVGHVLJQHGWRDYRLGXQQHFHVVDUFRQIOLFWVZLWKWKHPDLPXPGHVLJQVSHHGmeasurement procedure for two- and thr
8、ee-wheel vehicles contained in Directive 95/1/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, while simultaneously addressing certain problems with the European procedure. Foremost among the problems with the European procedure are the relatively wide tolerances provided for atm
9、ospheric pressure and temperature, which allow for significant variations in measured top speed. The J3007 procedure was also designed to be used by a broader range of motorcycles. 7KHGHILQLWLRQRIPRWRUFFOHthat applies to Directive 95/1/EC specifically excludes certain types of vehicles that are cove
10、red by J3007, including vehicles with a maximum design speed not exceeding 6 km/h; vehicles intended for pedestrian control; vehicles intended for use by the physically handicapped; vehicles intended for use in competitions or off-road; and motorcycles with a maximum design speed of 45 km/h or less.
11、 To provide a more inclusive test procedure, this procedure uses SAE J213 to define a motorcycle. The vehicle preparation provisions of this procedure exclude elements that are inapplicable to electric vehicles, such as requirements for fuel supply and ignLWLRQVHWWLQJVWREHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHPDQXIDFW
12、XUHUVVSHFLILFDWLRQVThere is also no reference to an engine break-in period. Instead, provisions have been incorporated to address issues unique to electric vehicles, such as battery preconditioning. The battery preconditioning provision is patterned after a similar provision contained in a previousl
13、y developed range test procedure for electric motorcycles (SAE J2982). In recognition of a practice common with motorcycles powered by internal combustion engines, a provision has been added that provides for the removal of detachable luggage, such as saddlebags or a top case, when determining top s
14、peed. Consistent with the European test procedure, it is specified that accessories not required for high-speed driving may be switched off. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3007_Issued FEB2014 Page 2 of 10 Specifications for the operator are more flexible than provided by Directive 95/1/EC in that ballast can be
15、 used to achieve the minimum operator weight and no maximum is specified for operator weight and height. Provisions of Directive 95/1/EC regarding operator attire have been supplemented to require that operators of unenclosed vehicles wear a helmet, boots, and gloves, in addition to a riding suit. U
16、nlike in Directive 95/1/EC, it is also specified that the operator weight is to include all apparel worn by the operator. Specifications for the test track/roadway are similar to the provisions of Directive 95/1/EC, but specified more precisely with respect to grade and curvature. The grade for unid
17、irectional testing is specified to be a maximum of 0.5% (rather than 1%) to ensure that the effect of grade on measured top speed will typically be no greater than 1%. The requirement in Directive 95/1/EC for speed measurement to be based on elapsed time over a measured distance is replaced with a m
18、ore general requirement for speed to be measured with a system that is demonstrated to be accurate to within 1 mph (1.6 km/h). Radar, laser (Lidar), and on-board GPS measurements are specifically identified as acceptable options. As noted in the Foreward, a unique feature of the procedure is the use
19、 of a correction factor to account for air density that allows top speed to be measured under a wide range of atmospheric conditions. Under the provisions of Directive 95/1/EC, top speed may be measured over a fairly broad range of conditions for atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity,
20、 and wind speed. However, a typical motorcycle that will achieve 100 mph when the low end of the atmospheric pressure range is combined with the high end of the temperature range will achieve only 92.5 mph when the low end of the temperature range is combined with the high end of the pressure range.
21、 Allowable variations in humidity and wind speed further increase the possible variation in test results. In J3007, an air density correction factor developed by the Motorcycle Industry Council and reviewed by the SAE Motorcycle Technical Steering Subcommittee is used to simultaneously broaden the a
22、llowable range of atmospheric conditions under which top speed may be measured while substantially decreasing the possible variation in test results. The use of this correction factor is possible for electric vehicles because, unlike with vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, power output
23、 is not affected by air density and temperature. For a vehicle with a specific frontal area, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and maximum drive wheel power, top speed is primarily determined by air density. (For a typical motorcycle, 94% of the power required to achieve 100 mph is associated with aerod
24、ynamic drag and aerodynamic drag is directly proportional to air density.) As a result, the effect of changes in air density on the top speed of electric vehicles can be calculated with some precision using the following equation: R LR H /srwvwIn the above equation, !measis the air density during th
25、e top speed test in kg/m3, vmeasis the measured top speed, and vnormis the calculated top speed under standard conditions with the correction factor applied. Derivation of the above equation is explained in the Addendum. In addition to the air density correction factor, the Adjustment and Reporting
26、requirements of this test procedure provide for the application of a wind speed correction factor. 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice incorporates a track-based test procedure that produces a representative value for vehicle top speed when operating on a level paved road with a fully charged bat
27、tery. 1.1 Purpose This document provides testing procedures for determining a representative top speed of electric motorcycles. SAE INTERNATIONAL J3007_Issued FEB2014 Page 3 of 10 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specif
28、ied herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J213 Motorcy
29、cle Classifications (Revised February 2004) SAE J2982 Riding Range Test Procedure for On-Highway Electric Motorcycles 2.1.2 Motorcycle Industry Council Publications Available from Motorcycle Industry Council, 2 Jenner Street, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806, Tel: 949-727-4211, www.mic.org. MIC Reco
30、mmended Practice, Top Speed Test Procedure for Electric Motorcycles (September 7, 2012) 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Electric Motorcycle An electric motorcycle is a motorcycle as defined by SAE J213 that is propelled exclusively by electric motors energized by storage batteries with no on-board source of batt
31、ery charging other than solar panels or a regenerative braking system. 3.2 Top Speed Starting with a fully charged battery, the top speed in kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph) is the maximum speed that can be achieved on level surface under specified atmospheric conditions when a suf
32、ficient length of roadway has been provided to allow the vehicle to reach its maximum speed. 3.3 Charge-Discharge Cycle however, the atmospheric pressure at the time of the speed measurement must be measured with an accuracy of 10 millibars. Relative Humidity. Testing may be conducted at any level o
33、f relative humidity provided the air is clear of fog and rain. The relative humidity at the time of the speed measurement must be measured with an accuracy of 2%. 4.3 Speed Measurement The speed of the vehicle may be measured by any technique that is demonstrated to be accurate to within 1.0 mph (1.
34、6 km/h), including the following: x Elapsed time to cover a measured distance; x A radar device listed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP); x A laser device listed by IACP; x On-board speed measurement via a GPS receiver with an accuracy of 1.0 mph under steady-state conditio
35、ns. Speed measurement based on elapsed time shall utilize photocells or equivalent technology to start and stop the time measurement. Speed measurement based on GPS shall be electronically recorded. Speed measurement based on UDGDURUODVHUQHHGQRWEHHOHFWURQLFDOOUHFRUGHGSURYLGHGDSHDNKROGIXQFWLRQLVLQFRU
36、SRUDWed in the system. A cosine correction for radar or laser measurements made from the side of the roadway may be incorporated (i.e., the measured speed may be adjusted by dividing it by the cosine of the angle between the direction that the device is pointed and the path of the vehicle). SAE INTE
37、RNATIONAL J3007_Issued FEB2014 Page 5 of 10 5. TEST VEHICLE 5.1 Vehicle Type This test procedure is OLPLWHGWRXVHRQHOHFWULFPRWRUFFOHVPHHWLQJWKHGHILQLWLRQRIPRWRUFFOHLQ6$(- 5.2 Representativeness Equipment. The vehicle shall be equipped as it is normally delivered to the ultimate purchaser and shall ha
38、ve any optional equipment installed that is delivered with more than 50% of the vehicles. However, in the case of vehicles with removable luggage (e.g., panniers), the luggage may be removed prior to testing as long as the fact that the luggage has EHHQUHPRYHGLVVSHFLILHG HJPDLPXPVSHHGZDVPHDVXUHGZLWK
39、VDGGOHEDJVDQGWRSFDVHUHPRYHG DORQJZLWKDQpublication of the maximum speed. Vehicles with adjustable windscreens may be tested with the windscreen in the lowest position. Tires used shall be the same size and specification as those installed on the vehicle at the time of sale. Tires VKDOOEHLQIODWHGWRWK
40、HPDQXIDFWXUHUVUHFRPPHQGHGLQIODWLRQSUHVVXUHDQGVKDOOQRWEHZRUQWROHVVWKDQRI the original tread depth. Any speed-limiting device installed on the vehicle shall not be deactivated. Exterior Surface. The exterior surface of the vehicle shall be clean and free of any modifications that would affect aerodyna
41、mic drag (e.g., removal of mirrors or addition of tape over seams in bodywork). 6. TEST VEHICLE PREPARATION 6.1 Battery Preconditioning Prior to the conduct of a range test, batteries shall be conditioned according to the recommendations of the vehicle manufacturer if such conditioning iVUHTXLUHGWRD
42、FKLHYHPDLPXPHQHUJVWRUDJHFDSDFLW,IWKHFDSDFLWRIWKHYHKLFOHVbattery changes by more than 10% following a series of 40 charge-discharge cycles, then the battery shall be subjected to at least 40 charge-discharge cycles prior to testing. 6.2 Cold Soak Before a top speed test, the vehicle shall be stored a
43、t an ambient temperature not less than 68F (20C) and not more than 86F (30C) for 6 WRKRXUVXULQJWKLVWLPHWKHYHKLFOHVEDWWHUVKDOOEHFKDUJHGWRDIXOOVWDWH-of-charge. 6.3 Accessories Any accessories not necessary for routine high-speed operation (e.g., a radio or intercom system) may be switched off. 7. TEST
44、 PROCEDURE 7.1 Operator Weight and Height. The operator shall weigh at least 80 kg when fully clothed with any apparel that will be worn during testing, including a helmet, if used. Ballast may be added to the vehicle to bring the total weight of the operator plus ballast to 80 kg if necessary. For
45、vehicles without an enclosed passenger compartment, the operator must be at least 1.7 m tall when measured with bare feet and no head gear. To validate values of maximum speed published by the manufacturer, the operator weight and height shall not exceed 80 kg and 1.8 m, respectively. However, a manufacturer may use an operator with weight exceeding 80 kg and/or height exceeding 1.8 m. Attire. For vehicles in which the operator is not enclosed, the operator s
