1、Vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Sound Quality Gang Sheng (Gang Sheng Chen) Gang Sheng (Gang Sheng Chen) Vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Sound Quality This book gives readers a working knowledge of vehicle vibration, noise, and sound quality. It is intended as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate and
2、 graduate students of vehicle engineering. It can also be used as an independent study text and reference book for practicing engineers, designers, researchers, and educators. The knowledge it imparts can be applied to analyze real-world problems and devise solutions that reduce vibration, control n
3、oise, and improve sound quality in all vehiclesground, aerospace, rail, and marine. The book describes and illustrates fundamental principles, analytical formulations, design approaches, and testing techniques. Whole vehicle systems are discussed, as are individual components. The latest measurement
4、 and computation tools are presented to help readers with vehicle noise, vibration, and sound quality issues. The book opens with a presentation of the fundamentals of vibrations and basic acoustic concepts, as well as how to analyze, test, and control noise and vibrations. The next 2 chapters delve
5、 into noise and vibrations that emanate from powertrains, bodies, and chassis. The book finishes with an in- depth discussion on evaluating noise, vibration, and sound quality, giving readers a solid grounding in the fundamentals of the subject, as well as information they can apply to situations in
6、 their day-to-day work. R-400 P101488 About the Author Gang Sheng is Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. His industry experience includes work at Gates Corp., AMC, IBM Corp., Sony Corp., and DSI. The author of 70 journal papers/bo
7、oks/book chapters, Dr. Sheng is a Fellow of ASME and serves on the editorial board of Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration and Applied Physics Research. He is a section editor of Encyclopedia of Tribology. Dr. Sheng holds B.S. and M.S. degrees from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and a Ph.D.
8、 from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Sound Quality Sheng (Chen)Vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Sound Quality 6079_Book.indb 1 3/6/12 7:29 PMOther SAE books of interest: Principles of Vibration Analysis, with Applications in Automotive Engineering By C.Q. Liu
9、 and Ronald L. Huston (Product Code: R-395) Brake NVH Testing and Measurements By James K. Thompson (Product Code: R-399) Handbook of Automotive Engineering By Hans Hermann Braess and Ulrich W. Seiffert (Product Code: R-312) For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International at 400 C
10、ommonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA; phone 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; email CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/books.sae.org. 6079_Book.indb 2 3/6/12 7:29 PMVehicle Noise, Vibration, and Sound Quality By Gang Shen
11、g (Gang Sheng Chen) Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA 6079_Book.indb 3 3/6/12 7:29 PM Copyright 2012 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-7513-7400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 7
12、24-776-0790 Copyright 2012 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Per
13、missions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; email: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-3484-4 SAE Order No. R-400 DOI 10.4271/R-400 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sheng, Gang. Vehicle noise, vibration, and sound quality /
14、 by Gang Sheng. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7680-3484-4 (alk. paper) 1. AutomobilesVibration. 2. AutomobilesNoise. 3. Motor vehicles Vibration. 4. Motor vehiclesNoise. 5. Noise control. I. Title. TL246.S54 2012 629.231dc23 2011041850 Information contained in this
15、 work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omission
16、s, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appro
17、priate professional should be sought. To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service Email: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at http:/books.sae.org 6079_Book.indb 4
18、 3/6/12 7:29 PMv Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter 1 Introduction to Vehicle Vibrations and Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Vehicle vibrations and sound . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Vehicle systems, subsystems, and components . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Sources, paths, and receivers of vibrations and sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Characteristics of vehicle vibrations and sound . . . . 3 1.3 Signific
20、ance of vehicle vibrations and sound . . . . . . 7 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Vehicle Vibrations and Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 Fundamentals of vibration . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 Vibration of linear discrete and continuous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 Random vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Fundamentals of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.1 Airborne sound and measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.2 Sound perception and weighting curves . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.3 Sound wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.3.4 Sound radiation of structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . 58 2.3.5 Acoustic wave transmission, adsorption, and reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.4 Analysis and testing approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.1 Finite element and boundary element methods . . . . 62 2.4.2 Modal analysis and mo
24、dal synthesis methods . . . . . 73 2.4.3 Transfer path analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.4.4 Statistical energy analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.4.5 Testing techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6079_Book.indb 5 3/6/12 7:2
25、9 PMvi 2.5 Control of vehicle vibrations and sound . . . . . . . . 126 2.5.1 Basic features of vehicle vibrations and noise . . . . 126 2.5.2 Mode mapping and frequency separation of subsystems/components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2.5.3 Vibration reduction using isolator and absorb
26、er . . . 131 2.5.4 Damping treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.5.5 Noise control through insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.5.6 Noise control through absorption material or structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 2.5.7 A
27、ctive and semi-active control of noise and vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2.5.8 Fundamentals of sound quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Chapter 3 Powertrain Vibrations and Sound . . . . . . . . . . 169 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 3.2 Engine vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 3.2.1 Engine vibration sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 3.2.2 Torsional vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 3.2.3 Bending v
29、ibrations of engine crankshaft . . . . . . . . . 203 3.3 Engine noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 3.3.2 Engine noise sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 3.
30、3.3 Combustion noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 3.3.4 Engine mechanical noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 3.4 Transmission vibrations and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 3.4.1 Transmission whine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
31、3.4.2 Transmission rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3.4.3 Clutch system vibrations and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 3.5 Sound in air intake and exhaust systems . . . . . . . 247 3.5.1 Noise in air intake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 3.5.2 Sound
32、in air exhaust systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 3.6 Drivetrain vibrations and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 3.6.1 Driveline system and vibration and noise . . . . . . . . 292 3.6.2 Run-out, second-order excitation, unbalance, and critical speed of shaft . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . 294 3.6.3 Vibrations and noise in driveline systems . . . . . . . . 300 3.7 Powertrain system vibration isolation . . . . . . . . . . 302 3.7.1 Vibration isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 6079_Book.indb 6 3/6/12 7:29 PMvii 3.7.2 Isolation evaluation u
34、sing six-degree-of-freedom model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 3.7.3. Engine mounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 3.7.4 Optimization of powertrain vibration isolation . . . . 316 Chapter 4 Vibrations and Sounds of Body and Cha
35、ssis Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 4.2 Vehicle interior noise: structure-borne noise . . . . 329 4.2.1 Vehicle body structural vibration mode and sensitivity, acoustic modes of vehicle co
36、mpartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 4.2.2 Structural vibration, noise, and damping treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 4.2.3 Excitation transmissions of body structure connection points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . 343 4.2.4 Sources of structure-borne interior noise . . . . . . . . 347 4.3 Vehicle interior noise: airborne noise . . . . . . . . . . . 355 4.3.1 Sources of airborne noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 4.3.2 Powertrain airborne noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . 356 4.3.3 Road and tire noise mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 4.3.4 Sound treatment of vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 4.4 Wind noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 4.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . 375 4.4.2 Wind noise mechanism and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 4.4.3 The analysis of wind noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 4.4.4 Wind noise abatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 4.5 Squeak and rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . 387 4.5.1 Friction- and impact-induced vibrations and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 4.5.2 Squeak and rattle control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 4.6 Brake system vibration and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 4
41、.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 4.6.2 Low-frequency vibration and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 4.6.3 Low-frequency squeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.6.4 High-frequency squeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 403 4.7 Vehicle low-frequency vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 4.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 6079_Book.indb 7 3/6/12 7:29 PMviii 4.7.2 Whole vehicle vibrations at low frequency and ride dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . 406 4.7.3 Vehicle structure vibrations of low frequency . . . . . 424 4.7.4 Seat vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 4.7.5 Steering wheel system vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Chapter 5 Evaluation of Vehicle Vibrations and Sound . . . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 5.2 Noise and sound quality evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 5.2.1 Pass-by noise: Regulatory requirement . . . . . . . . . 448 5.2.2 Interior noise: c
45、ustomer requirement . . . . . . . . . . . 454 5.2.3 Sound quality: customer perception . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 5.3 Vibration evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 5.3.1 Body characteristics under vibration environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . 469 5.3.2 Discomfort and subjective evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . 469 5.3.3 Objective evaluation of ride discomfort . . . . . . . . . . 472 5.3.4 Linear human body modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 5.3.5 Objective evaluation of seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 5.3
47、.6 Vehicle vibration evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 6079_Book.indb 8 3/6/12 7:29 PMix Prefa
48、ce The last decade has been characterized by the remarkable development of many technical and scientific domains, and the development of vibration and sound technology of road vehicles has been on this same trajectory. The new generation of road vehicles is very different from the previous generatio
49、n. Modern vehicles have new rules for features of vibration and sound beyond the conventional requirements simply for vibration and noise control. This book is intended to enable its readers to make engineering advances in this area. This is a textbook intended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in automotive engineering as an independent study text and for practicing engineers, designers, researchers, and educators to use as a reference book. In the past decades, educators, researchers, and practitioners have devoted considerable effort toward researching vib
