1、 Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2:The Revival of the 2-Stroke Engine and Studying Flex Fuel EnginesFor more information or to order a book, contact: SAE INTERNATIONAL400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096Phone: +1.877.606.7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or +1.724.776.4970 (outside U.S. and Canada)Fax:
2、+1.724.776.0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgWebsite: books.sae.orgOther SAE Books of InterestInternal Combustion Engine Handbook, 2nd English EditionRichard Van Basshuysen and Fred Schfer(Product Code: R-434)Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, Fourth EditionRichard Stone(Product Code: R-391
3、)Emission Control and Fuel Economy for Port and Direct Injected SI EnginesJohn H. Johnson(Product Code: PT-91)Automotive Fuels Reference Book, Third EditionPaul Richards(Product Code: R-297)Design and Simulation of Two-Stroke EnginesGordon P. Blair(Product Code: R-161)Emissions from Two-Stroke Engin
4、esMarco Nuti(Product Code: R-223)Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2:The Revival of the 2-Stroke Engine and Studying Flex Fuel EnginesEdited by Jay S. MeldrumWarrendale, Pennsylvania, USACopyright 2017 SAE International. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retriev
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6、 +1-724-772-9765.Library of Congress Catalog Number 2016953304SAE Order Number SRP-003http:/dx.doi.org/10.4271/srp-003Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accur
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9、se bulk quantities, please contactSAE Customer Servicee-mail: CustomerServicesae.orgphone: +1.877.606.7323 (inside USA and Canada)+1.724.776.4970 (outside USA)fax: +1.724.776.0790Visit the SAE International Bookstore atbooks.sae.org400 Commonwealth DriveWarrendale, PA 15096E-mail: CustomerServicesae
10、.orgPhone: +1.877.606.7323 (inside USA and Canada)+1.724.776.4970 (outside USA)Fax: +1.724.776.0790vTable of Contents Foreword viiSolutions to the Clean Snowmobile Challenge - What Works? (2005-01-3681). 1Traci A. Faulkner and Jay S. Meldrum, Michigan Technological UniversityClean Snowmobile Challen
11、ge - What Have We Learned? (2005-01-3682) 17Ryan E. Fox and Jay S. Meldrum, Michigan Technological UniversitySAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2003 Summary of Results (2005-01-3683) . 33Catherine Horsch and Jay S. Meldrum, Michigan Technological UniversityEnhancement of Engineering Education through Un
12、iversity Competition-Based Events (2006-32-0049 / 20066549). 47Jay S. Meldrum, Katie L. Reynolds, and Jason M. Keith, Michigan Technological UniversityUniversity of Idahos Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct-Injection Two-Stroke (2005-01-3680) 55Nathan Bradbury, Russel Schiermeier, Tyler Harris,
13、and Karen R. DenBraven, University of IdahoUniversity of Idahos Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct-Injection Two-Stroke (2006-32-0050 / 20066550) 65Nathan Bradbury, Andrew Findlay, Justin Johnson, Erik Van Patten, and Karen R. DenBraven, University of IdahoUniversity of Idahos Clean Snowmobile D
14、esign Using a Direct-Injection Two-Stroke Engine (2008-32-0031 / 20084731) 79Nicholas Harker and Karen R. DenBraven, University of Idaho; Justin Johnson and Andrew Findlay, BRP, Inc.viDevelopment of Clean Snowmobile Technology for the 2006 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge (2006-32-0051 / 20066551) 91C
15、had Swartz, Jason Sanger, Brian Schickel, Sumit Kaul, John Stimpson, Adam Grobelny, and Gregory W. Davis, Kettering UniversityIntegration of Hybrid-Electric Strategy to Enhance Clean Snowmobile Performance (2006-32-0048 / 20066548) 105Eric Schroeder, Ethan Brodsky, Adam Schumacher, and Glenn R. Bowe
16、r, University of Wisconsin-MadisonImproving Upon Best Available Technology: A Clean Flex Fuel Snowmobile (2008-32-0049 / 20084749) . 121Nicholas Rakovec, Brian Olenski, Michael Maney, and Glenn R. Bower, University of WisconsinAbout the Editor 135viiForewordBackgroundIn the year 2000, a new Collegia
17、te Design Series competition was born, the SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge (CSC). Dr. Lori Fussell of the Institute of Science, Ecology, and the Environment and Bill Paddleford, Chair of the Teton County, Wyoming Commission combined forces with SAE International to create a student competition with t
18、he goal of designing a cleaner and quieter snowmobile. Faced with legislation that would ban snowmobiles from Yellowstone National Park, the founders gathered support from local businesses, snowmobile clubs, associations, government agencies, and snowmobile manufacturers to encourage students to des
19、ign a more environmentally friendly snowmobile. This is the second compendium of papers written by faculty and students participating in the SAE International Clean Snowmobile Challenge.Highlights of the Second CompendiumFour summary papers were written for the early competitions starting in 2003 1,
20、 2, 3, 4. The purpose of these early papers was to summarize the competition results for sponsors and to document some of the technologies that the students were using in their designs. An effort was made to draw some conclusions on best technologies and best practices. In particular, reference 2 ha
21、s good information on effective technologies that were common among winning teams in the 2003-2005 time frame.After proving that a four-stroke engine was a viable solution to the emissions and noise issues of snowmobiles, the University of Idaho took on the task of improving the two-stroke engine. R
22、eviewing their 2005 technical paper 5 and their references, one can see research efforts into gasoline direct injection (GDI). Learning from engineers in the outboard marine industry, the team tried several iterations to implement GDI on a snowmobile engine. For several years, ,GDKRGLGQRWZLQEXWNHSWU
23、HQLQJWKHLUWZRVWURNH HQJLQHdesign. They continued to publish in the Small Engines Technology Conference 6, sharing their development process and experience. Their third paper in this second compendium 7 details the efforts of their hard climb back to the top of CSC, winning with a novel two-stroke di
24、rect-injected Rotax 600 cc engine. This design included a custom designed and machined head by the University of Idaho, a remarkable feat in itself. Idaho did not invent the direct injection technology, but they did make it work in CSC 2007, and they won the competition that year, being both clean D
25、QGTXLHW7KHQDOQRWHRQWKLVVWRULVWKDW%RPE DUGLHURecreational Products (BRP), which markets its snowmobile under the trademark name “Ski-Doo,” implemented this technology on its 600 cc snowmobile the very next year. In subsequent years, the DI technology has been added to larger two-stroke engines in the
26、 product line. 7KHQDOWKUHHSDSHUVLQWKLVFRPSHQGLXPDUHRQHby Kettering University and two by the University of WisconsinMadison. The Kettering paper 8 outlines the teams efforts to design a snowmobile that runs on E85. 7KHWHDPZDVVXFFHVVIXOLQLPSOHPHQWLQJDQHZPXIHUdesign and a catalytic converter, and util
27、ized a Polaris 750 FFHQJLQH7KLVHDU.HWWHULQJQLVKHGLQVHFRQGplace. The Polaris 750 cc engine turned out to be very popular as a base engine in this era.Madison took a different approach in 2006, using power assist 9. The team employed the same base engine as Kettering, and added a golf cart motor to gi
28、ve a little power assist during acceleration. Technically, this was not considered a hybrid, because alone, the snowmobile could not be powered with the small motor. Although this design may not have been practical in the market, Madison did take top honors for scoring consistently high in all event
29、s.7KHQDOSDSHULQWKLVFRPSHQGLXPLV0DGLVRQVentry 10. It is representative of universities dealing ZLWKWKHUXOHVFKDQJHWRHQJLQHHUDHIXHOFRPSDWLEOHengine. From the 2000 competition through the 2006 competition, the fuel selection was always E10 (10% ethanol in gasoline) or E85, which has a much higher conten
30、t of ethanol mixed with gasoline. In winter climates, the maximum amount of ethanol is actually closer to 70%, but it is still marketed as E85. This lower ethanol content helps with the starting of snowmobile engines in extremely cold weather. For the 2007 and subsequent challenges, WKHWHDPVZHUHFKDU
31、JHGZLWKWKHHIXHOGHVLJQSUREOHPWKDWDXWRPRWLYHPDQXIDFWXUHUVIDFH7KLVLVOOLQJXSZLWKE10 one day, and then adding E85 the next day. The result of this “splash blending” can result in engine power problems if one does not account for the ethanol content in the fuel. Measurement of ethanol content using in-tan
32、k transducers is an available technology. Recalibrating the RZDQGIXHODLUPLWXUHLQMHFWLRQLVDOOSRVVLEOHZLWKWRGDVtechnologies. This addition to the competition has “raised the bar,” requiring all teams to modify their engines rather than buy an already clean-burning snowmobile design.As a result of this
33、 change, the teams had to identify ways to reprogram their engine control systems. In addition, a noticeable change occurred in the use of catalytic converters, because now the fuel and the resultant emission constituents were changed from that of E10.Also noted in these papers is the realization by
34、 teams that the noise comes not only from the engine but from the track and its components. Softer track compounds along with smoother track designs have resulted in much quieter snowmobiles. CAMSO (formerly Camoplast) is the only supplier of snowmobile tracks and has become a valued sponsor and sup
35、porter of the competition.viiiSummaryThe SAE International Clean Snowmobile Challenge has changed with the times since its inception in the year 2000. The industry responded with cleaner and quieter snowmobiles. As a result, the rules of the challenge had to be changed so that teams could not just p
36、urchase a modern snowmobile to compete. In 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its test procedures and standards for off-road vehicles, including snowmobiles. This gave the students a target to beat in emissions and noise. Teams that were not cleaner and quieter than the standa
37、rds could not win the challenge. The teams responded with innovative solutions that were watched closely by the snowmobile industry, the single largest supporter of the challenge.Jay S. MeldrumLead Organizer of the SAE International Clean Snowmobile ChallengeixReferences1. Faulkner, T. A., and Meldr
38、um, J. S., “Solutions to the Clean Snowmobile Challenge What Works?” SAE International Paper No. 2005-01-3681.2. Fox, R. A., and Meldrum, J. S., “Clean Snowmobile Challenge What have we learned?” SAE International Paper No. 2005-01-3682.3. Horsch, C., and Meldrum, J. S. “SAE Clean Snowmobile Challen
39、ge 2003 Summary of Results,” SAE International Paper No. 2005-01-3683.4. Meldrum, J. S., Reynolds, K. L., and Keith, J. S., “Enhancement of Engineering Education through University Competition-Based Events,” SAE International Paper No. 2006-32-0049.5. Bradbury, N., Schiermeier, R., Harris, T., and D
40、enBraven, K. R., “University of Idahos Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct-Injection Two Stroke,” SAE International Paper No. 2005-01-3680.6. Bradbury, N., Findlay, A., Johnson, J., Van Patten, E., and DenBraven, K. R., “University of Idahos Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct Injection Two-St
41、roke,” SAE International Paper No. 2006-32-0050.7. Harker, N., DenBraven, K. R., Johnson, J., and Findlay, A., “University of Idahos Clean Snowmobile Design Using a Direct Injection Two-Stroke Engine,” SAE International Paper No. 2008-32-0031.8. Swartz, C., Sanger, J., Schickel, B., Kaul, S., Stimps
42、on, J., Grobelny, A., and Davis, G. W., “Development of Clean Snowmobile Technology for the 2006 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge,” SAE International Paper No. 2006-32-0051.9. Schroeder, E., Brodsky, E., Schumacher, A., and Bower, G. R., “Integration of Hybrid-Electric Strategy to Enhance Clean Snowmo
43、bile Performance,” SAE International Paper No. 2006-32-0048.10. Rakovec, N., Olenski, B., Maney, M., and Bower, G. R., “Improving Upon Best Available Technology: A Clean Flex Fuel Snowmobile,” SAE International Paper No. 2008-32-0049.12005-01-3681Solutions to the Clean Snowmobile Challenge - What wo
44、rks? Traci A. Faulkner and Jay S. Meldrum Michigan Technological University Copyright 2005 SAE InternationalABSTRACTThe Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2004 (CSC 2004) was held at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan, from March 15 - 20, 2004. The
45、Clean Snowmobile Challenge has been a competition in the SAE Collegiate Design Series since 2000, and began in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, as a response to rising concerns about snowmobiling in environmentally-sensitive areas.Teams from fifteen universities competed in CSC 2004. The winning snowmobile (s
46、led) was developed by the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and featured a four-stroke engine with electronic fuel injection (EFI), a two-stage tuned muffler, and catalytic exhaust aftertreatment. A hybrid-electric design was used to increase the snowmobiles powertrain output and improve acceleratio
47、n. 8 Teams should be competitive in all events to gain enough points to win the competition. The most successful design strategies included use of a four-stroke engine, electronic fuel injection, exhaust catalysts, and various versions of acoustic foam insulation or other sound-damping material. INTRODUCTIONSince the advent of automobiles, both Americans and Canadians have
