1、Designation: D7180 05 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forUse of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam inGeotechnical Projects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7180; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers some of the basic considerations forthe use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam in geot
3、echni-cal projects.1.2 This guide offers a collection of information and doesnot recommend a course of action. This guide cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may beapplicable in all circumstances.1.3 This gu
4、ide is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this guide be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects.1.4 The word “standard” in the title of this guide means onlythat this guide ha
5、s been approved through the ASTM Interna-tional consensus process.1.5 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
6、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD6817 Specification for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene G
7、eo-foam3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this guide are defined inTerminology D4439.3.1.1 geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foam poly-meric material used in geotechnical engineering applications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 expanded polystyrene, ntype of f
8、oamed plasticformed by the expansion of polystyrene resin beads in amolding process.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 EPS, nexpanded polystyrene3.3.2 EPS geofoam, nrigid cellular polystyrene geofoammanufactured from EPS4. Summary of Guide4.1 EPS geofoam is commonly used in geotechnical appli-cations when an extrem
9、ely lightweight material is required.This guide covers some of the considerations that must beevaluated in the design of these projects.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide informs the user of design considerations inthe use of EPS geofoam which assist in the determination ofthe appropriate EPS geo
10、foam for geotechnical applications.5.2 This guide does not preclude the judgment and practiceof those competent in geotechnical design.6. Design Principles6.1 Design Considerations:6.1.1 Compressive Properties:6.1.1.1 The compressive resistance of EPS geofoam iscovered by Specification D6817. The co
11、mpressive resistancefor geofoam is specified in Specification D6817 and includesthe compressive behavior of EPS geofoam at 1, 5, and 10 %strain.6.1.1.2 A typical limit for many EPS geofoam projects is toconsider the compressive resistance at 1 % strain. The com-pressive behavior at 1 % strain is wit
12、hin the elastic region ofEPS geofoam and provides acceptable short-term deflections inaddition to limiting long-term creep deformation.6.1.1.3 Creep deformations must be accounted for whenlong-term loads exceed the compressive resistance at 1 %strain.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Comm
13、ittee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltration.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D718005. DOI:10.1520/D7180-05R09.2For referenced ASTM s
14、tandards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
15、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.1.4 At a compressive resistance of 5 % strain, EPSgeofoam is beyond the elastic behavior region and is in theplastic behavior region.6.1.2 Compressive Resistance TestingThe compressiveresistance described in 6.1.1 is determined from the uniformloading of 50-mm (2-
16、in.) cubes at a prescribed loading rate.6.1.3 Load Distribution RequirementsIn applications withlocalized loading exceeding the compressive resistance at 1 %strain, a number of strategies can be used to reduce theeffective load on the EPS geofoam. A common method is theuse of a concrete slab with su
17、itable reinforcement to distributethe load to levels below the compressive resistance at 1 %strain. A sufficient depth of cover material may also be used toreduce the project loads below the compressive resistance at1 % strain.6.1.4 Subgrade RequirementsEPS geofoam is usually in-stalled on a relativ
18、ely planar surface. Subgrade preparationrequirements must be specified by the designer.6.1.5 LayoutEPS geofoam is provided in block form. Thelayout for the materials is often accomplished through the useof multiple layer design.Alternating layers of EPS geofoam areoften staggered to avoid differenti
19、al block-to-block movement.EPS geofoam blocks vary in size for each manufacturer. EPSgeofoam block can be supplied as manufactured or trimmed tospecified dimensions. Consult the EPS geofoam supplier todetermine the dimension of EPS geofoam to optimize blockplacement and for fabrication options. Mult
20、iple EPS geofoamtypes can be sourced for use in a layered design to improveproject costs.6.1.6 TolerancesDimensional tolerances are included inSpecification D6817.6.1.7 BuoyancyEPS is a lightweight material with aclosed cell structure that does not allow for significant waterabsorption. The buoyancy
21、 must be fully accounted for indesigns that include the use of EPS geofoam in submergedapplications. This should include the potential for 100-yearflood events. Common methods to counteract buoyancy are theuse of sufficient overburden or mechanical restraint.6.1.8 Thermal Insulation PropertiesThe th
22、ermal insulat-ing properties of EPS must be considered in areas subject tofreezing temperatures. In these areas, a sufficient cover oftraditional fill material must be provided above the EPSgeofoam to reduce differential surface icing between EPSgeofoam and adjacent traditional fill locations.6.1.9
23、Ultraviolet Light ExposureEPS geofoam will dis-color and yellow when exposed for extended time periods. EPSgeofoam expected to be exposed for long periods of timeshould be covered with an opaque material.6.1.10 FlammabilityEPS geofoam is a combustible mate-rial. EPS geofoam should be kept away from
24、open flames,welding, sparks, and other possible sources of ignition.6.1.11 Exposure to HydrocarbonsEPS geofoam is subjectto degradation when exposed directly to or to the vapors ofmany hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel fuel. EPSgeofoam should be protected from possible exposure to thesemateri
25、als during construction and throughout the design life ofthe project. This could include possible hydrocarbon soilcontaminants that may be present before construction. EPSgeofoam can be protected from hydrocarbons by the use of ahydrocarbon-resistant geomembrane or through other physicalbarriers.6.2
26、 Quality Control:6.2.1 CertificationProject specifications shall includethird-party certification to Specification D6817 requirements oras required by project needs.6.2.2 Field SamplingField sampling shall be specified toensure ongoing dimensional tolerances and density. A mini-mum frequency of dens
27、ity checks at the site shall be specifiedto coordinate with material shipments. Third-party testing ofSpecification D6817 compressive resistance properties beforeproject initiation and at regular intervals throughout the projectis also recommended.7. Keywords7.1 EPS; EPS geofoam; expanded polystyren
28、e; geofoam;rigid cellular polystyreneBIBLIOGRAPHYThe references listed below provide additional information on the use of EPS geofoam in geotechnical projects.NoteThese reference documents were developed before Specification D6817 and therefore may include EPS geofoam property values inconflict with
29、 Specification D6817. Specification D6817, as developed through the ASTM International consensus process, is therecommended standard specification for EPS geofoam.(1) “Geofoam Stabilization of an Embankment SlopeA Case Study ofRoute 23A in the Town of Jewett, Greene County,” GeotechnicalEngineering
30、Bureau, New York Department of Transportation,Albany,NY, 1998.(2) Horvath, J. S., Ph.D., P.E., Geofoam Geosynthetic, Horvath Engineer-ing, P.C., Scarsdale, NY, 1995.(3) NCHRP Report 529, “Guideline and Recommended Standard forGeofoam Applications in Highway Embankments,” TransportationResearch Board
31、 of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2004.(4) Negussey, Dawit, “Slope Stabilization with Geofoam,” GeofoamResearch Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 2002.D7180 05 (2009)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
32、item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical c
33、ommittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
34、a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
35、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D7180 05 (2009)3
