1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21402-9 SANS 100099:2008Edition 1ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007Edition 3SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD International vocabulary of metrology Basic
4、 and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag x1
5、91 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 100099:2008 Edition 1 ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 Edition 3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC1046, SA REMCO, in accordance with
6、procedures of SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in August 2008. PROOF/PREUVEThird edition 2007 Troisime dition 2007 ISO/IEC 2007 GUIDE 99 International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM
7、) Vocabulaire international de mtrologie Concepts fondamentaux et gnraux et termes associs (VIM) SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded type
8、faces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infri
9、nging Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were opti
10、mized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. PDF Exonration de responsabilit Le prsent fichier PDF peut c
11、ontenir des polices de caractres intgres. Conformment aux conditions de licence dAdobe, ce fichier peut tre imprim ou visualis, mais ne doit pas tre modifi moins que lordinateur employ cet effet ne bnficie dune licence autorisant lutilisation de ces polices et que celles-ci y soient installes. Lors
12、du tlchargement de ce fichier, les parties concernes acceptent de fait la responsabilit de ne pas enfreindre les conditions de licence dAdobe. Le Secrtariat central de lISO dcline toute responsabilit en la matire. Adobe est une marque dpose dAdobe Systems Incorporated. Les dtails relatifs aux produi
13、ts logiciels utiliss pour la cration du prsent fichier PDF sont disponibles dans la rubrique General Info du fichier; les paramtres de cration PDF ont t optimiss pour limpression. Toutes les mesures ont t prises pour garantir lexploitation de ce fichier par les comits membres de lISO. Dans le cas pe
14、u probable o surviendrait un problme dutilisation, veuillez en informer le Secrtariat central ladresse donne ci-dessous. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT DOCUMENT PROTG PAR COPYRIGHT ISO/IEC 2007 The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teach
15、ing manuals, instruction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are: that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publi
16、cations offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document. With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, with
17、out permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. La reproduction des termes et des dfinitions contenus dans la prsente Norme internationale est autorise dans les manuels denseignement, les modes demploi, les publications et revues te
18、chniques destins exclusivement lenseignement ou la mise en application. Les conditions dune telle reproduction sont les suivantes: aucune modification nest apporte aux termes et dfinitions; la reproduction nest pas autorise dans des dictionnaires ou publications similaires destins la vente; la prsen
19、te Norme internationale est cite comme document source. la seule exception mentionne ci-dessus, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord cri
20、t de lISO ladresse ci-aprs ou du comit membre de lISO dans le pays du demandeur. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland/Publi en Suisse ii PROOF/PREUVE ISO/IEC 2007 All right
21、s reserved/Tous droits rservsSANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE iiiContents Page Foreword .v Introduction.vii Conventions
22、.xi Scope.1 1 Quantities and units2 2 Measurement .16 3 Devices for measurement 34 4 Properties of measuring devices.37 5 Measurement standards (Etalons) 46 Annex A (informative) Concept diagrams 54 Bibliography78 List of acronyms.83 Alphabetical index85 SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be us
23、ed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO memb
24、er bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, government
25、al and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Direct
26、ives, Part 2. Draft Guides adopted by the responsible Committee or Group are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a Guide requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may
27、 be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This first edition of ISO/IEC Guide 99 cancels and replaces the second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM). It is equivalent to the thi
28、rd edition of the VIM. For further information, see the Introduction (0.2) Note that in this document, GUM is used to refer to the industry-recognized publication, adopted as ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. When a specific subclause number is cited, the reference is to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. SANS 100099:
29、2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE viiIntroduction 0.1 General In general, a vocabulary is a “terminological dictionary which contain
30、s designations and definitions from one or more specific subject fields” (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). The present Vocabulary pertains to metrology, the “science of measurement and its application”. It also covers the basic principles governing quantities and units. The field of quantities and units cou
31、ld be treated in many different ways. Clause 1 of this Vocabulary is one such treatment, and is based on the principles laid down in the various parts of ISO 31, Quantities and units, currently being replaced by ISO 80000 and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units, and in the SI Brochure, The Interna
32、tional System of Units (published by the BIPM). The second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM) was published in 1993. The need to cover measurements in chemistry and laboratory medicine for the first time, as well as to incorporate concepts such as t
33、hose that relate to metrological traceability, measurement uncertainty, and nominal properties, led to this third edition. Its title is now International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), in order to emphasize the primary role of concepts in developing a
34、vocabulary. In this Vocabulary, it is taken for granted that there is no fundamental difference in the basic principles of measurement in physics, chemistry, laboratory medicine, biology, or engineering. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to meet conceptual needs of measurement in fields such as
35、biochemistry, food science, forensic science, and molecular biology. Several concepts that appeared in the second edition of the VIM do not appear in this third edition because they are no longer considered to be basic or general. For example, the concept response time, used in describing the tempor
36、al behaviour of a measuring system, is not included. For concepts related to measurement devices that are not covered by this third edition of the VIM, the reader should consult other vocabularies such as IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, IEV. For concepts concerned with quality
37、management, mutual recognition arrangements pertaining to metrology, or legal metrology, the reader is referred to documents given in the bibliography. Development of this third edition of the VIM has raised some fundamental questions about different current philosophies and descriptions of measurem
38、ent, as will be summarized below. These differences sometimes lead to difficulties in developing definitions that could be used across the different descriptions. No preference is given in this third edition to any of the particular approaches. The change of the treatment of measurement uncertainty
39、from an Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to an Uncertainty Approach necessitated reconsideration of some of the related concepts appearing in the second edition of the VIM. The objective of measurement in the Error Approach is to determine an estimate of
40、the true value that is as close as possible to that single true value. The deviation from the true value is composed of random and systematic errors. The two kinds of errors, assumed to be always distinguishable, have to be treated differently. No rule can be derived on how they combine to form the
41、total error of any given measurement result, usually taken as the estimate. Usually, only an upper limit of the absolute value of the total error is estimated, sometimes loosely named “uncertainty”. In the CIPM Recommendation INC-1 (1980) on the Statement of Uncertainties, it is suggested that the c
42、omponents of measurement uncertainty should be grouped into two categories, Type A and Type B, according to whether they were evaluated by statistical methods or otherwise, and that they be combined to yield a variance according to the rules of mathematical probability theory by also treating the Ty
43、pe B components in terms of variances. The resulting standard deviation is an expression of a measurement uncertainty. A view of the Uncertainty Approach was detailed in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) (1993, corrected and reprinted in 1995) that focused on the mathem
44、atical treatment of measurement uncertainty through an explicit measurement model under the assumption that the measurand can be characterized by an essentially unique value. Moreover, in the GUM as well as in IEC documents, guidance is provided on the Uncertainty Approach in the case of a single re
45、ading of a calibrated instrument, a situation normally met in industrial metrology. SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) viii PROOF/PREUVE ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rser
46、vsThe objective of measurement in the Uncertainty Approach is not to determine a true value as closely as possible. Rather, it is assumed that the information from measurement only permits assignment of an interval of reasonable values to the measurand, based on the assumption that no mistakes have
47、been made in performing the measurement. Additional relevant information may reduce the range of the interval of values that can reasonably be attributed to the measurand. However, even the most refined measurement cannot reduce the interval to a single value because of the finite amount of detail i
48、n the definition of a measurand. The definitional uncertainty, therefore, sets a minimum limit to any measurement uncertainty. The interval can be represented by one of its values, called a “measured quantity value”. In the GUM, the definitional uncertainty is considered to be negligible with respec
49、t to the other components of measurement uncertainty. The objective of measurement is then to establish a probability that this essentially unique value lies within an interval of measured quantity values, based on the information available from measurement. The IEC scenario focuses on measurements with single readings, permitting the investigation of whether quantities vary in time by demonstrating whether measurement results
