1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21952-9 SANS 12885:2009 Edition 1 ISO/TR 12885:2008 Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Nanotechnologies Health and safety practices
4、in occupational settings relevant to nanotechnologies This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/TR 12885:2008, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X
5、191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 12885:2009 Edition 1 ISO/TR 12885:2008 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This
6、South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 229, Nanotechnologies, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in February 2009. This standard may only be used and printed by
7、 approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS. Reference number ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) ISO 2008TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12885 First edition 2008-10-01 Nanotechnologies Health and safety practices in occupational settings relevant to nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies Pratiques de scurit dan
8、s les arrangements professionnels relatifs aux nanotechnologies SANS 12885:2009This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing
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13、 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedSANS 12885:2009This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) ISO 2008
14、 All rights reserved iiiContents Foreword .vi 1. Introduction.1 2. Scope.2 Bibliography .2 3. Nanomaterials: description and manufacturing .3 3.1. Engineered nanomaterials .3 3.1.1. Carbon containing nanomaterials3 3.1.2. Oxides .4 3.1.3. Metals 5 3.1.4. Quantum dots.5 3.1.5. Organic polymeric nanom
15、aterials5 3.1.6. Bio-inspired nanomaterials.6 3.2. Production processes.6 3.2.1. Typical production processes 6 3.2.2. Aerosol generation methods 7 3.2.3. Vapor deposition methods7 3.2.4. Colloidal/self-assembly methods .7 3.2.5. Electrodeposition.7 3.2.6. Electro-spinning.7 3.2.7. Attrition methods
16、 .7 Bibliography8 4. Hazard characterization.9 4.1. Health effects .9 4.1.1. Basic principles and uncertainties.10 4.1.2. Potential relevance of health effects information about incidental or naturally-occurring nanoparticles and nanofibers.10 4.1.3. Relationship between toxicity and surface area, s
17、urface chemistry, and particle number .11 4.1.4. Inflammatory response to nanoparticles.11 4.1.5. Animal and cell-culture studies12 4.1.6. Observations from epidemiological studies involving fine and nanoscale particles.15 4.2. Physical hazards .15 4.2.1. Fire (exothermic events)15 4.2.2. Safety con
18、siderations in manufacturing nanomaterials16 Bibliography16 5. Exposure assessment to nanomaterials23 5.1. Introduction23 5.2. Scientific framework for assessing exposure to nanomaterials23 5.2.1. Routes of exposure23 5.2.2. Metric for assessing exposure to airborne nanomaterials24 SANS 12885:2009Th
19、is standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved5.3. Review of methods for characterizing exposure to nanoparticles.26 5.3.1. General 26 5.3.2. Mass concentration28 5.3.3. Number concentration .
20、29 5.3.4. Surface area concentration .30 5.3.5. Nanoparticle size distribution measurement 31 5.3.6. Sample collection for material characterization .32 5.3.7. Measurement of high length : width aspect ratio particles of nanomaterials .33 5.3.8. Sampling strategy issues 34 5.4. Dermal exposure asses
21、sment35 5.4.1. Sampling .35 5.4.2. Sample characterization 36 5.5. Dose (internal exposure) assessment.36 5.6. Discussion37 Bibliography 37 6. Risk assessment in occupational settings 41 6.1. Introduction and scope .41 6.2. Risk assessment for nanomaterials 41 6.2.1. Quantitative and qualitative ris
22、k assessment .42 6.2.2. Hazard identification 42 6.2.3. Exposure-response assessment 43 6.2.4. Exposure assessment .45 6.2.5. Risk characterization .45 6.3. Conclusions .46 Bibliography 46 7. Control methodologies 47 7.1. Introduction 47 7.2. Implication of risk assessment in regard to control metho
23、dologies .48 7.2.1. Strategies for control .48 7.3. Examination of control methodologies .50 7.3.1. Exposure prevention50 7.3.2. Control strategies.51 7.3.3. Eliminating the hazards through effective design51 7.3.4. Substitution of raw materials, products, processes and equipment51 7.3.5. Engineerin
24、g control techniques .52 7.3.6. Administrative means for the control of workplace exposures 59 7.3.7. Evaluating the work environment.63 7.3.8. Personal protective equipment (PPE) 64 7.4. Health surveillance 69 7.5. Product stewardship .70 Bibliography 70 SANS 12885:2009This standard may only be use
25、d and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vAppendix 7.1. Assigned protection factors (APFs) for respirators (from USACHPPM 55-011-1106). 56A comparison of past and present APFs.76 Appendix 7.2. Advantages and disadvan
26、tages of different types of Air-Purifying Particulate Respirators - using information from the U. S. NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic. 59 77 Annex A. Symbols and abbreviated terms 77 SANS 12885:2009This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SAB
27、S.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees.
28、Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Internat
29、ional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Stand
30、ards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind fr
31、om that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data
32、 it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 12885 was prepared by Technical C
33、ommittee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies. SANS 12885:2009This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 11. Introduction The field of nanotechnologies is advancing rapidly and is
34、expected to impact virtually every facet of global industry and society. International standardization on nanotechnologies should contribute to realizing the potential of this technology for the betterment and sustainability of our world through economic development, improving the quality of life, a
35、nd for improving and protecting public health and the environment. One can expect many new engineered nanomaterials coming to the market place and work place. The introduction of these new materials into the workplace raises questions concerning occupational safety and health that should be addresse
36、d, as appropriate, by international standards. While such standards are being developed, it is important, through this Technical Report, to assemble and make available to users, useful knowledge on occupational safety and health practices in the context of nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology involves m
37、aterials at the nanoscale. As a working definition, ithe “nanoscale” means size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm. A nanometer is 1 x 10 -9m or one millionth of a millimeter. It is difficult to fully appreciate these remarkably small scales. To give a sense of this scale, a human hair is of th
38、e order of 10,000 to 100,000 nm, a single red blood cell has a diameter of around 5,000 nm, viruses typically have a maximum dimension of 10 to 100 nm and a DNA molecule has a diameter of around 2 nm. The term “nanotechnology” can be misleading since it is not a single technology or scientific disci
39、pline. Rather it is a multidisciplinary grouping of physical, chemical, biological, engineering, and electronic processes, materials, applications and concepts in which the defining characteristic is one of size. The distinctive and often unique properties which are observed with nanomaterials offer
40、 the promise of broad advances for a wide range of technologies in fields as diverse as computers, biomedicine, and energy. At this early stage the potential applications of nanomaterials seem to be limited only by the imagination. Articles appear daily in the scientific and popular press and on a h
41、ost of websites dedicated to the field. New companies, often spin outs from university research departments, are being formed and are finding no shortage of investors willing to back their ideas and products. New materials are being discovered or produced and astonishing claims are being made concer
42、ning their properties, behaviors and applications. As of June, 2007, over 400 nano-enabled new products are listed in an inventory of products already utilizing nanotechnology compiled by the Woodrow Wilson Centers Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/).
43、 Another list of products can also be found on U. S. National Nanotechnology Initiative web-site at www.nano.gov/html/facts/appsprod.html. While much of the current “hype” is highly speculative, there is no doubt that worldwide, governments and major industrial companies are committing significant r
44、esources for research into the development of nanometer scale processes, materials and products. Ordinary materials such as carbon or silicon, when reduced to the nanoscale, often exhibit novel and unexpected characteristics such as extraordinary strength, chemical reactivity, electrical conductivit
45、y, or other characteristics that the same material does not possess at the micro or macro-scale. A huge range of nanomaterials have already been produced including nanotubes, nanowires, fullerene derivatives (bucky balls). A few engineered nanomaterials were developed already in the 19 thand 20 thce
46、nturies, at a time when the word “nanotechnology” was unknown. Among such nanomaterials are zeolites, catalyst supports such as MgCl 2 , pigments and active fillers such as carbon black and synthetic amorphous silica. Market size of these commodity materials is well above the billion US dollars or m
47、illion tons threshold. Nanotechnologies are gaining in new commercial application. Nanomaterials are currently being used in electronic, magnetic and optoelectronic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, catalytic and materials applications. Areas producing the greatest revenue for nanomater
48、ials are chemical-mechanical polishing, magnetic recording tapes, sunscreens, automotive catalyst supports, electro-conductive coatings and optical fibers. iPlease note, that definitions used throughout this Technical Report are based on draft definitions developed by ISO TC 229 WG1 and might become
49、 obsolete if draft definitions change. SANS 12885:2009This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO/TR 12885:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reservedThe occupational health and safety effects of new nanomaterials are mostly unknown. This can be attributed to the relatively recent development of the nanotechnology sector and, as a result, the lack of available information on human exposures and working conditions. As a consequence our abilities to accurately predict the impact of some
