(江苏专用)2019高考物理三轮冲刺第二篇中档题防错二施力与挂物的比较.docx

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1二、施力与挂物的比较通过滑轮作纽带的连接体,在力学角度看,是验证牛顿运动定律的重要组成,从功能角度看,可以探究合力做功和速度的关系,装置使用率较高。例 2 如图所示,甲图为光滑水平面上质量为 M 的物体,用细线通过定滑轮与质量为 m 的物体相连,由静止释放。乙图为竖直向下的拉力 F 通过跨过定滑轮的细线拉光滑水平面上的同一物体 M,拉力 F 的大小与 m 的重力相等,由静止释放,开始时 M 距桌边的距离相等,则( )甲 乙A.甲、乙两图中 M 的加速度相等均为mgMB.甲图中 M 的加速度为 a1= ,乙图中 M 的加速度为 a2=mgM+m mgMC.乙图中细线受到的拉力较大D.甲图中 M 到达桌边用的时间较长,速度较小答案 BCD解析 对乙图:F T 乙 =F=Ma2,又 F=mg,故 a2= ;对甲图中的 m:mg-FT 甲 =ma1,对甲图中的 M:FT 甲 =Ma1,解mgM得 a1= ,FT 甲 = ,故 A 项错,B、C 项对;由 x= at2,v2=2ax 知 x 相同时,因甲图中 M 的加速度小,则其mgM+m MmgM+m 12到达桌边用的时间较长,速度较小,D 项对。【比较】 甲、乙两图中物体都做匀加速直线运动,但是其总质量不同,加速度不相等。对于甲图装置也可以使用整体法直接用牛顿第二定律列式。这种装置在近年高考中测定动摩擦因数问题中频繁使用。2

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