2019高考物理三轮冲刺考前冲刺练:中档防错练——杜绝失分一水平刹车与沿粗糙斜面上滑的比较.docx

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1、1一、水平刹车与沿粗糙斜面上滑的比较水平路面上汽车刹车时,速度减为零后就停止不动,所以求解这类问题时,要注意刹车时间的计算。物体沿粗糙斜面上滑时,速度减为零后可能停止不动,也可能沿斜面下滑,但下滑时的加速度与上滑时的加速度不同。例 1 汽车在水平面上刹车,其位移与时间的关系是 x=24t-6t2,则它在前 3 s 内的平均速度为( )A.6 m/s B.8 m/s C.10 m/s D.12 m/s答案 B解析 将题目中的表达式与 x=v0t+ at2比较可知:v 0=24 m/s,a=-12 m/s2。所以由 v=v0+at 可得汽12车从刹车到静止的时间为 t1= s=2 s,由此可知第

2、3 s 内汽车停止不动,汽车在前 3 s 内运动的位移0-24-12x=242 m-622 m=24 m,故平均速度 = = m/s=8 m/s。vxt2243例 2 (多选)如图所示,木板与水平地面间的夹角 =30,可视为质点的一小木块恰好能沿着木板匀速下滑。若让该小木块从木板的底端以初速度 v0=10 m/s 沿木板向上运动,取 g=10 m/s2。则以下结论正确的是( )A.小木块与木板间的动摩擦因数为33B.小木块经 t=2 s 沿木板滑到最高点C.小木块在 t=2 s 时速度大小为 10 m/s,方向沿木板向下D.小木块滑到最高点后将静止不动答案 AD解析 小木块恰好匀速下滑时,mg sin 30=mg cos 30,可得 = ,A 正确;小木块沿木板上33滑过程中,由牛顿第二定律可得 mg sin 30+mg cos 30=ma,可得小木块上滑过程中匀减速的加速度大小 a=10 m/s2,故小木块上滑的时间 t 上 = =1 s,小木块速度减为零时,有 mg sin 30=mg cos v0a30,故小木块将静止在最高点,D 正确,B、C 错误。反思总结2汽车在水平路面上的刹车问题和物体沿粗糙斜面上滑问题,表面上看是两种不同的问题,但是,若物体在斜面上满足 mg sin mg cos ,则物体的运动规律与汽车在水平路面上的刹车问题是相同的。

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