1、 IEC 62127-2Edition 1.0 2007-08INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz IEC62127-2:2007(E) THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2007 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this pub
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8、ish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service Centre FAQ or contact us: Email: csciec.ch Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC 62127-2Edition 1.0 2007-08INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 2: Calibration for
9、ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION XCICS 17.140.50 PRICE CODEISBN 2-8318-9277-5 2 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD.5 INTRODUCTION.7 1 Scope.8 2 Normative references8 3 Terms, definitions and symbols.9 4 List of symbols13 5 Overview of calibration procedures
10、 .15 5.1 Principles 15 5.2 Summary of calibration procedures 16 5.3 Reporting of results .17 5.4 Recommended calibration periods .18 6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system .19 6.1 Mechanical positioning.19 6.1.1 General .19 6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position19 6.1.3 A
11、ccuracy of the lateral hydrophone position19 6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability .19 6.3 Hydrophone size20 6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties .20 6.5 Measurement of output voltage 20 7 Electrical considerations .21 7.1 Signal type 21 7.2 Earthing.21 7.3 Measurement of hyd
12、rophone output voltage .21 7.3.1 General .21 7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument.21 7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables 22 7.3.4 Noise.22 7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference .22 7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers .23 8 Preparation of hy
13、drophones 23 8.1 General .23 8.2 Wetting23 8.3 Hydrophone support 23 8.4 Influence of cable 23 9 Free field reciprocity calibration 23 9.1 General .23 9.2 Object .23 9.3 General principles24 9.3.1 General .24 9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method .24 9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibratio
14、n method .24 9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method24 9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method24 9.4.1 Apparatus24 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) 3 9.4.2 Procedure25 10 Free field calibration by planar scanning .25 10.1 General .25 10.2 Object .25 10.3 General principle .25 10.4 Procedura
15、l requirements27 10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning 27 10.5 Procedure27 10.5.1 Power measurement 27 10.5.2 Transducer mounting .27 10.5.3 Measurement conditions 27 10.5.4 Measurements.28 10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty 28 11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry .28 11.1 General .28 1
16、1.2 Principle 28 12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone .28 12.1 General .28 12.2 Object .28 12.3 Principle 29 12.4 Procedural requirements29 12.4.1 Source transducer .29 12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal .29 12.4.3 Measurement system.29 12.5 Procedure30 12.5.1 Measurements (Ty
17、pe I): determination of the directional response of a hydrophone30 12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone30 12.6 Maximum hydrophone size.31 Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of hydrophones .32 Annex B (informative)
18、 Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity ultrasonic fields.34 Annex C (informative) Electrical loading corrections .37 Annex D (informative) Absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning technique38 Annex E (informative) Properties of water.46 Annex F (informative) The ab
19、solute calibration of hydrophones by optical interferometry up to 40 MHz 48 Annex G (informative) Waveform concepts58 Annex H (informative) Time delay spectrometry requirements and a brief review of the technique 68 Annex I (informative) Determination of the phase response of hydrophones71 Annex J (
20、informative) Maximum size considerations for the active element of a hydrophone.77 4 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) Bibliography79 Figure F.1 Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique 51 Figure F.2 End-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity, Mc, of a coplanar membrane hydrophone.53 Figure F.3 Hydrop
21、hone waveform generated by a 9 m coplanar membrane hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm) 54 Figure F.4 Interferometer (displacement) waveform generated with the pellicle positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm) .55 Figure F.5 Freq
22、uency spectrum of the displacement waveform (lower curve) and the differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve) 55 Figure F.6 Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element diameter of a 9 m bilaminar membrane hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHz to 60 MHz .56 Figure
23、G.1 Coordinates of a field point, P, in the near field of a plane- circular source transducer of radius, ta 65 Figure I.1 Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for two membrane hydrophones .73 Figure I.2 Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for a 0,2 mm needle hydrophone.75 Table
24、1 List of typical uncertainty values obtained by the calibration methods specified in this standard and for the frequency range listed here 17 Table E.1 Speed of sound c and specific acoustic impedance, c, as a function of temperature, for propagation in water 46 Table G.1 Temporal waveform and hydr
25、ophone position concepts described in this Annex .58 Table I.1. Example of uncertainties (where a coverage factor, k = 2, is used) for a HTDS phase calibration of a needle hydrophone with a diameter of 0,2 mm, expressed at a confidence level of 95 %.73 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECH
26、NICAL COMMISSION _ ULTRASONICS HYDROPHONES Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object
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35、of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that so
36、me of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 62127-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87: Ultrasonics. IEC 62127-1, IEC 62127-2 and IEC 62127-3 a
37、re being published simultaneously. Together these cancel and replace IEC 60866:1987, IEC 61101:1991, IEC 61102:1991, IEC 61220:1993 and IEC 62092:2001. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 87/353/CDV 87/372/RVC Full information on the voting f
38、or the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. 6 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) A list of all parts of IEC 62127 series, published under the general title Ultrasonics Hydrop
39、hones, can be found on the IEC website. NOTE Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC website under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to th
40、e specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition; or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) 7 INTRODUCTION The spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure in an
41、ultrasonic field in a liquid medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. These devices are not absolute measurement instruments and require calibration. The purpose of this part of IEC 62127 is to specify those calibration methods to be used in determining the response of a
42、 hydrophone in the ultrasonic range, i.e. above 20 kHz up to a frequency of 40 MHz. The main hydrophone application in this context lies in the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted by medical diagnostic equipment in water. Hydrophone behaviour over this wide frequency band is required in order t
43、o reliably characterize the acoustic parameters of the applied acoustic field. In particular, the frequency range above 15 MHz is important to fully characterize this equipment, primarily due to the increased appearance of high-frequency components in the ultrasonic signals, caused by non-linear pro
44、pagation. In addition, the number of medical ultrasonic systems that use frequencies above 15 MHz, particularly intra-operative probes, is growing. It has turned out in recent years that the hydrophone response below 0,5 MHz is also required to reliably determine the peak-negative (rarefactional) ac
45、oustic pressure. While the term “hydrophone“ can be used in a wider sense, it is understood here as referring to miniature piezoelectric hydrophones. It is this instrument type that is used today in various areas of medical ultrasonics and, in particular, to characterize quantitatively the field str
46、ucture of medical diagnostic instruments. With regard to other pressure sensor types, such as those based on fibre optics, some of the requirements of this standard are applicable to these as well but others are not. If in the future these other “hydrophone“ types gain more importance in field measu
47、rement practice, their characteristics and calibration will have to be dealt with in a revised version of this standard or in a separate one. NOTE This standard covers the ultrasonic frequency range, from 20 kHz to an upper frequency of 40 MHz. Standards dealing with hydrophone properties (IEC 62127
48、-3) and hydrophone use (IEC 62127-1) are being developed in parallel as part of a programme of maintenance activities aimed at restructuring and merging, where possible, all existing ultrasonic hydrophone standards. This will eventually lead to unified standards covering the whole field of practical
49、 hydrophone application. 8 62127-2 IEC:2007(E) ULTRASONICS HYDROPHONES Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz 1 Scope This part of IEC 62127 specifies: absolute hydrophone calibration methods; relative (comparative) hydrophone calibration methods. Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this standard. This standard is applicable
