1、StructuralWelding CodeReinforcing SteelAWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011An American National StandardIncluding MetalInserts andConnections inReinforced ConcreteConstructionAWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJanuary 31, 2011Structural Welding CodeRei
2、nforcing SteelIncluding Metal Inserts and Connections in Reinforced Concrete Construction7th EditionSupersedes AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2005Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D1 Structural Welding CommitteeUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of Direc
3、torsAbstractThis code covers the requirements for welding reinforcing steel in most reinforced concrete applications. It contains abody of rules for the regulations of welding reinforcing steel and provides suitable acceptance criteria for such welds.International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-7
4、86-3American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2011 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical,
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6、ding Society provided that the appro-priate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400;Internet: .AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011iiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices,
7、 methods, classifications, and guides) of the American WeldingSociety (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National standards are either incorporated in, or made part of,doc
8、uments that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their pro-visions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved bythe governmental body having statutory jurisdictio
9、n before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases,these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where thiscontractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must b
10、e by agreementbetween the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings togethervolunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process andestablishes rules to pr
11、omote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify theaccuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever,
12、 whether special,indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard a
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14、riate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance
15、of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the in
16、fringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such erra
17、ta, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Soci
18、ety,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex C).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this sta
19、ndard, and they do not constitute professional advice.Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speakon behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi
20、-tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn.
21、Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committee on StructuralWelding and the author of the comment
22、s will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests areinvited to attend all meetings of the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding to express their comments verbally.Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of
23、 theTechnical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W.LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011iiiAWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011ivThis page is intentionally blank.PersonnelAWS D1 Committee on Structural WeldingD. K. Miller, Chair The Lincol
24、n Electric CompanyA. W. Sindel, 1st Vice Chair Alstom Power, IncorporatedT. L. Niemann, 2nd Vice Chair Minnesota Department of TransportationS. Morales, Secretary American Welding SocietyN. J. Altebrando STV, IncorporatedF. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric CompanyE. L. Bickford Acute Technological Serv
25、icesB. M. Butler Walt Disney World CompanyR.D. Campbell Bechtel National, IncorporatedH. H. Campbell III Pazuzu EngineeringL. E. Collins Team Industries, IncorporatedR. B. Corbit Exelon Nuclear CorporationR. A. Dennis ConsultantM. A. Grieco Massachusetts Department of TransportationC. W. Holmes Modj
26、eski and Masters, IncorporatedJ. J. Kenney Shell International E the 1992,1998, and 2005 editions reflected these changes. This edition, AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011, has additional revisions.The following is a summary of the significant technical revisions in this edition:1. Subclause 1.2.1 was revised top
27、address precast concrete components.2. New definitions were added under 1.5.3. Safety information was clarified in 1.7.4. Figure 2.1 was revised to clarify the centerline, nominal radius, and effective throat.5. Subclause 3.2.1 was revised to address indirect butt joints.6. Figure 3.2 was updated to
28、 illustrate degree ranges in all sketches.7. Figures 3.3 and 3.4 were revised to restrict the gaps between bars to nothing over 1/4D or 3/16 in 5 mm,whichever is less.8. Subclause 4.4.2 was modified to differentiate between the sum of maximum dimensions of all porosity versusmaximum dimensions of an
29、y single porosity or fusion-type discontinuity.9. New subclause 5.1.3 was added to address coated reinforcing steel and filler metal selection.10. Subclause 5.3 was added to list requirements for maximum wind velocity and minimum ambient temperature.11. New subclauses 5.10 and 5.11 were added to res
30、trict electrodes used for GMAW and FCAW.12. Subclause 5.12 was added to restrict the shielding gas used for GMAW and FCAW-G.13. Table 5.1 was updated to meet the most current A5 specifications.14. Clause 6 was revised to list the details for fillet weld prequalified essential variables.15. New Table
31、 6.1 lists the prequalified essential variables for fillet welds.16. The essential variable requiring requalification for a change in the shape or any one type of groove was removedfrom Table 6.2.17. Table 6.4 was corrected to include lap joints in indirect butt joints.18. New Table 6.5 was added to
32、 clarify acceptance criteria for macroetch.19. Figure 6.4 was updated.20. All sketches in Figures 6.5 and 6.6 were redrawn for clarity.21. New Figure 6.7 was added to illustrate welder qualification tests for fillet weld to plate.AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011vii22. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 were redrawn to increase
33、 the backing to 3/16 in 5 mm.23. Annex B was updated.Changes in Code Requirements. Underlined text in the subclauses, tables, or figures indicates an editorial or technicalchange from the 2005 edition. A vertical line in the margin indicates a revision from the 2005 edition.Informative Annexes. Thes
34、e annexes are not code requirements but are provided to clarify code provisions by showingexamples, providing information, or suggesting alternative good practices.Errata. It is the Structural Welding Committees Policy that all errata should be made available to users of the code.Therefore, any sign
35、ificant errata will be published in the Society News Section of the Welding Journal and posted on theAWS web site at: http:/www.aws.org/technical/d1/.Suggestions. Your comments for improving AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011, Structural Welding CodeReinforcing Steel arewelcome. Submit comments to the Managing Dir
36、ector, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126; telephone (305) 443-9353; fax (305) 443-5951; e-mail infoaws.org; or via theAWS web site .AWS D1.4/D1.4M:2011viiiTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiTabl
38、e of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixList of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Reinforcing Steel Base Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Welding Processes . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 Welding
43、Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 31.8 Standard Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. 32. Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 Base-Metal Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 Allowable Stresses in Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 Effective Weld Areas, Lengths, Throats, and Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、 . . . . . . 53. Structural Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1 Transition in Bar Size Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2 Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 Joint Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 Direct Butt Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.5 Indirect Butt Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.6 Lap Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 Interconnection of Precast Members . . . . . .
