1、Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 19.3Evaporative Loss MeasurementPart AWind Tunnel Test Method for the Measurement of Deck-Fitting Loss Factors for External Floating-Roof TanksFIRST EDITION, JUNE 1997REAFFIRMED, SEPTEMBER 2012Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 19.3Evapora
2、tive Loss MeasurementPart AWind Tunnel Test Method for the Measurement of Deck-Fitting Loss Factors for External Floating-Roof TanksMeasurement CoordinationFIRST EDITION, JUNE 1997REAFFIRMED, SEPTEMBER 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect t
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4、s, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, orfederal laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safet
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9、his standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the director of the Authoring Department (shown on the titlepage of this document), American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20005. Requ
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14、n Petroleum InstituteiiiFOREWORDThis standard provides rules for testing the deck ttings of external oating roofs underlaboratory conditions to provide evaporative loss information. It was prepared by TaskGroup II of the API Environmental Technical Advisory Group (ETAG).Testing programs conducted by
15、 API in 1984 and 1993 provided the information on whichthe current evaporative loss factors are based for common, generic types of external oating-roof deck ttings. These factors are published in the API Manual of Petroleum MeasurementStandards,Chapter 19. 2, for use in estimating the evaporative lo
16、ss of petroleum stocks fromoating-roof tanks. These factors and the test methods used to develop them have beenwidely accepted by oil companies, manufacturers, industry groups, regulatory agencies, andgeneral interest groups. API has not, however, tested or developed evaporative loss factorsfor prop
17、rietary designs of individual manufacturers. By publishing a testing protocol, API ismaking the test method available to interested parties who wish to test particular deck ttingsunder the auspices of API. API certication of an evaporative loss factor developed through this program is subject tothe
18、following three-step process:a. The testing shall be performed in laboratories licensed by API. The requirements to qual-ify for licensure are presented in the API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards(MPMS), Chapter 19.3, Part G.b. Testing and determination of test results shall be performed as
19、 specied herein.c. The evaluation of these test results and the certication of an evaporative loss factor forthe item tested shall then be conducted in accordance with the API MPMS, Chapter 19.3,Part F.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institu
20、te to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violati
21、on of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Measurement Coordinator,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.CONTENTSPage0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Un
24、its of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 Nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 LIMITATIONS TO TEST METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 Evaluation of Results . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 Low Loss Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 TEST APPARATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 Test Apparatus Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.2 Test Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 Wind Tunnel. . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.4 Air Blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 Vibration Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 Test Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 TEST ITEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1
30、 Test Item Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 Fitting Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 Fitting Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 Tall Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 Fitting Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . 79 PREPARATION OF APPARATUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 Test Assembly Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 Air Blower Startup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 Steady State Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.1 Accuracy . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.2 Data Acquisition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.3 Weight Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.4 Temperature Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.5 Wind Speed Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.6 Voltage Measurement . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.7 Atmospheric Pressure Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9vPagevi11 TEST PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . 1011.1 Levels of Wind Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011.2 Data To Be Recorded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011.3 Duration of Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 CALCULATION OF TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.1 Calibration Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
39、12.2 Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.3 Vapor Pressure Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.4 Loss Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.5 Multiple Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.6 Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . 1112.7 Loss Factor Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 REPORT OF TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213.1 Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213.2 Loss Rate Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213.3 Loss Factor Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . 1214 PRECISION AND BIAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12APPENDIX ALOSS RATE DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15APPENDIX BUNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX CDETERMINATION OF LOSS FACTOR EQUATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23APPENDIX DMETRIC UNITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25APPENDIX EBIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . 27Figures1Elevation View of a Typical Wind Tunnel Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Plan View of a Typical Wind Tunnel Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Test Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Typical Loss Rate Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Typical Loss Factor Graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13A-1Measure
47、d and Calculated Weight Loss Versus Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17A-2Corrected and Correlated Weight Loss Versus Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Tables1Description of the Symbols and Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32In
48、strument Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10A-1Nomenclature for Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15B-1Nomenclature for Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19B-2Summary of Example Uncertainty Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C-1Nomenclature for Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C-2Example Loss Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24C-3Example Loss Factor Equation Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24C-4Example Loss Factor Equation Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
