1、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 22Testing Protocol Section 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices FIRST EDITION, AUGUST 2005 REAFFIRMED, AUGUST 2012Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 22Testing Protocol Section 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices
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16、hington, DC 20005. iiiCONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2 Di
17、fferential Pressure or Head-type Flow Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.0 DEFINITIONS AND SPECIFIC TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3.0 INSTALLATION AND TEST FACILITY REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.1 Accep
18、table Test Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.2 Required Meter Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.3 Required Piping Considerations Upstream and Downstream of the Meter .
19、. . . . .8 4.0 METER TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1 Meters to be Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2 Acceptable Test Fluids. . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.3 Liquid Flow Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.4 Gas Flow Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.5 Testing Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 4.6 Baseline Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 4.7 Installation
22、Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 4.8 Acoustic Noise Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 5.0 LAMINAR FLOWMETER TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1 Laminar Meter Test for Compressible Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 5.2 Laminar Meter Test for Turbulent Flows in the Main Pipe Line . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 6.0 FLOW RATE EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 7.0 PROCEDURE FOR REPORTING METER PERFORMANCE RESULTS . . . . . . . 13 7.1 Test Facility Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 7.2 Meter information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 7.3 Description of the Full Test Matrix and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 7.4 Sample Meter Test Reporting Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 8.0 UNCERTAINTY CALCULAT
26、IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.1 Uncertainty of the Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.2 Uncertainty of the Test Meter Derived From the Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 8.3 St
27、atistical Analysis of the Installation Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 APPENDIX A TEST MATRICES FOR SECTION 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 APPENDIX B UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 APPE
28、NDIX C DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS FOR PROTO-TYPE TESTING . . .27 Tables B.1 Example of Uncertainty Estimate for Liquid Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 B.2 Example of Uncertainty Estimate for Compressible Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . 24 vPage Figures 1 Concentric Orifice Flow Meter. .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Eccentric and Segmental Orifice Flow Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Quadrant-edge and Conical Orifice Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 Ven
30、turi Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 Flow Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 V-cone Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 DALL Tube Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 Wedge Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. 4 9 Pitot-static Tube Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 10 Multi-port Averageing Pitot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 11 Variable Area Orfice Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 12 Laminar Flow Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 vi1 Chapter 22Testing Protocol Section 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices 1.0 Introduction This document defines
34、 the testing and reporting protocols for flow measurement devices based on the detection of a pressure differential that is created by the device in a flowing stream. This protocol is designed to supply industry with a comparable description of the capabilities of these devices for the measurement o
35、f single-phase fluid flow when they are used under similar operating conditions. The objectives of this Testing Protocol are to: 1. Ensure that the user of any differential pressure flow meter knows the performance characteristics of the meter over a range of Reynolds numbers as applicable or define
36、d by tests, 2. Facilitate both the understanding and the introduction of new technologies, 3. Provide a standardized vehicle for validating manufac- turers performance specifications, 4. Provide information about relative performance charac- teristics of the primary elements of the differential pres
37、sure metering devices under standardized testing protocol. 5. Quantify the uncertainty of these devices and define the operating and installation conditions for which the stated uncertainties apply. To accomplish these objectives, the testing protocol defines the test limits for operating conditions
38、 of the meter, the requirements of the facility or facilities to perform the tests, the fluids to be tested, and the ranges for pressure, dif- ferential pressure, temperature, secondary instrumentation, and Reynolds number. Examples of flow meters covered in this standard include, but are not limite
39、d to orifice plates, Venturis, nozzles, V- Cones, wedge meters, and multiport averaging Pitot tubes. Reporting and testing protocols for test facilities are included to ensure that the performance characteristics of each meter are compared with identical conditions as set forth in this standard. The
40、se protocols require descriptions of the test flu- ids to be used, the mechanical configuration of piping, effects of fluid flow profile, and spatial orientation of the meter. A description of required dimensional measurements and toler- ances and the mathematical equations required to convert the d
41、ifferential pressure reading to a flow rate prediction is also necessary. This document primarily addresses testing proto- col for differential pressure flow meters that operate under the flowing condition that is in the turbulent flow regime. Differ- ential pressure flow measurement devices that op
42、erate on the principle of physical laws of laminar flow require a special testing protocol, which is addressed in Section 5. 1.1 SCOPE The testing protocol is limited to single-phase Newtonian fluid flow, and no consideration is given to pulsation effects. Further revisions of this document may incl
43、ude the testing of such meters in wet gas or multi-phase service and the effects of pulsation. This standard does not address testing protocols of those devices that operate on the principle of critical or choked flow condition of fluids. The testing protocol covers any flow meter operating on the p
44、rinciple of a local change in flow velocity, caused by the meter geometry, giving a corresponding change of pressure between two reference locations. There are several types of differential pressure meters available to industry. It is the pur- pose of this standard to illustrate the range of applica
45、tions of each meter and not to endorse any specific meter. The basic principle of operation of the flow measuring devices follows the physical laws relating to the conservation of energy and mass for the fluid flows through the device. Any existing or later developed API MPMS document addressing a s
46、pecific type or design of differential pressure flow measuring device will supersede the requirements of this document. An example of one such existing standard is API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 14.3 “Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters.“ 1.2 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE OR HEAD
47、-TYPE FLOW METERS The operating principle of a differential pressure flow meter is based on two physical laws - the conservation of energy and conservation of mass, where changes in flow cross-sectional area and/or flow path produce a differential pressure, which is a function of the flow velocity,
48、fluid path, and fluid properties. The following diagrams are presented as examples of some of the possible differential pressure devices. Other variations of meter designs are available and possible. It is the intention of this Testing Protocol that no differen- tial pressure meter should be exclude
49、d. Therefore, the exam- ples presented are of eligible meters and the document is not limited to these meter types alone. 2C HAPTER 22TESTING PROTOCOL Figure 1Concentric Orifice Flow Meter Figure 2Eccentric and Segmental Orifice Flow Meters Figure 3Quadrant-edge and Conical Orifice PlatesSECTION 2DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES 3 Figure 4Venturi Flow Meter Figure 5Flow Nozzle Figure 6V-cone Flow Meter4C HAPTER 22TESTING PROTOCOL Figure 7DALL Tube Flow Meter Figure 8Wedge Flow Meter Figure 9Pitot-static Tube Flow MeterSECTION 2DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW ME
