1、Designation: D5425 18Standard Guide forDevelopment of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards ofElectrotechnical Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of firehazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products.
3、Forthe purposes of this guide, products include materials,components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmfulto people, animals, or property.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quanti
5、tativemeasures.1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitativemeasure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditionsinvolving specific materials, products, or assemblies. Thisassessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actualfires which involve conditions other t
6、han those assumed in theanalysis.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade
7、Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1776 Guide for De
8、velopment of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests2.2 NFPA Codes and Standards:3NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probabilityof Flashover (Withdrawn)NFPA
9、556 Guide on Methods for Evaluating Fire Hazard toOccupants of Passenger Road VehiclesNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Stan-dards:4IEC 60695-1-1 Fire Hazard TestingPart 1-1: Guidance forAssessing the Fire Hazard of Electrotechnical Produc
10、tsGeneral guidelines (Withdrawn)2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:5ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and asso-ciated with electrical and electronic insulating materials, useTerminology D171
11、1.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide and asso-ciated with fire issues, use Terminology E176, ISO 13943, andIEC 60695-1-1 (see 5.1). Where differences exist in definitions,the definitions contained in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1Th
12、is guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical andElectronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.17 on Fire and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous ed
13、ition approved in 2014 as D5425 14. DOI:10.1520/D5425-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Ava
14、ilable from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 Rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5Available from International Or
15、ganization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
16、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommend
17、ations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.1 electrotechnical product, nitem that generates oruses electrical power as a source of energy or that is associatedwith the conduction or transmission of electrical signals orpower.3.2.1.1 DiscussionElect
18、rotechnical products include thematerials insulating electrical wires and cables and the mate-rials enclosing other products that generate or are fed byelectricity, as well as the products themselves and all of theirparts.3.2.2 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,including environme
19、ntal, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire at specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.3 products, nmaterial, component, or end-use product.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking thedevel
20、opment of fire hazard assessment standards for electro-technical products. Such standards are expected to be useful tomanufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authoritieshaving jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire haz
21、ard assessmentstandard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitationsin the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, ofadequate fire models, or in the advancement of scientificknowledge will place significant constraints upon the proce-dure for the assessment of fire hazard.4.3
22、The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standardsfor electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the conceptsin this guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, thegeneral concepts presented also may be applicable toprocesses, activities, occupancies, and buildings. Guide E2061contains
23、an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electriccables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy(rail transportation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should notattempt to set a safety threshold or othe
24、r pass/fail criteria. Sucha standard should specify all steps required to determine firehazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/failcriteria can be meaningfully set by authorities having jurisdic-tion.5. General Concepts5.1 It is important to understand and maintain the differ-ences betw
25、een fire hazard and fire risk.5.1.1 Fire hazard is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.1.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associatedwith fire.NOTE 1A fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environmentand with a number of f
26、ire test response characteristics of materials,products, or assemblies including, but not limited to, ease of ignition,flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration,toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguishment.5.1.2 Fire hazard is defined in ISO 13943-2017 as:5.
27、1.2.1 fire hazard, npotential for harm associated withfire.5.1.2.2 DiscussionISO 13943-2017 also states that,alternatively, fire hazard can be a physical object or conditionwith a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire.5.1.2.3 ISO 13943-2017 defines fire hazard assessment (orfire hazard
28、analysis) as “evaluation of the possible causes offire (3.114), the possibility and nature of subsequent firegrowth, and the possible consequences of fire.” It then statesfurther that “other definitions of fire hazard assessment spe-cifically point out a relationship to the (extent of) fire safetyme
29、asures present or foreseen.” Terminology E176 does notdefine fire hazard assessment or fire hazard analysis.5.1.3 Fire risk is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.3.1 fire risk, nan estimation of expected fire loss thatcombines the potential for harm in various fire scenarios thatcan occur with the p
30、robabilities of occurrence of those sce-narios.NOTE 2Risk may be defined as the probability of having a certain typeof fire, where the type of fire may be defined in whole or in part by thedegree of potential harm associated with it or as potential for harmweighted by associated probabilities. Howev
31、er it is defined, no risk scaleimplies a single value of acceptable risk. Different individuals presentedwith the same risk situation may have different opinions on its accept-ability.5.1.4 Fire risk is defined in ISO 13943-2017, in a mannervery similar to the definition in Terminology E176, as:5.1.
32、4.1 fire risk, nestimation of expected fire loss thatcombines the potential for harm in various fire scenarios thatcan occur with the probabilities of occurrence of those sce-narios.5.1.4.2 DiscussionISO 13943-2017 also states that,alternatively, fire risk is the “combination of the probability ofa
33、fire and a quantified measure of its consequence”.5.2 The primary concern in the fire hazard assessment ofelectrotechnical products is to minimize the fire hazard result-ing when such products ignite. Should a fire start, it is thendesirable to limit the fire propagation. Give consideration toextern
34、al events, such as the outbreak of a fire in the environ-ment. In general, however, disregard deliberate misuse of anelectrotechnical product, in the fire hazard assessment.5.3 Give consideration also to heat release (both rate andamount) and opacity, toxicity, and corrosivity of the smokefrom a bur
35、ning product and any necessary ability to functionunder fire conditions. These hazards are directly related to theignition and fire propagation. The emission of gases may also,under certain circumstances, lead to the possibility of explo-sion.5.4 Certain electrotechnical products such as largeenclos
36、ures, insulated cables, and conduits, may in fact replacelarge portions of surfaces and finishing materials of buildingconstruction or may penetrate fire-resisting walls. In thesecircumstances, the requirements for fire performance of theelectrotechnical products, when exposed to an external fire,mu
37、st ensure that they do not contribute to the hazard of fire toa greater degree than is permitted by the building materials orstructures that are replaced.D5425 1825.5 Following a detailed review of all of the expectedhazards as related to a specific fire scenario, the final hazardassessment standard
38、s, as drafted, should include a series oftests or a single test, as appropriate, to address the specifichazard(s) defined. Single test standards are acceptable if theyaddress the major hazard(s) defined or are interrelated to thevarious components involved.5.6 In order to design electrotechnical pro
39、ducts with accept-able characteristics for minimizing fire hazard, pay carefulattention to the permissible mechanical, electrical, and thermalstresses. This should minimize the fire hazard under allconditions of use: normal operation, foreseeable deviationsfrom normal use, and faulty operation condi
40、tions. The desiredlevel of fire hazard is achievable by the procedures in 5.6.1 5.6.3:5.6.1 The use of parts or circuit design and protection, orboth, which, under overload or failure, are not likely to igniteor to cause ignition;5.6.2 The use of parts, including enclosures, which aresufficiently re
41、sistant to probable ignition sources and heatwithin an electrotechnical product; or,5.6.3 The use of designs that will adequately resist thepropagation of fire spread and surface spread by fire.6. Types of Fire Tests6.1 Technical committees engaged in the preparation ofrequirements and test specific
42、ations with regard to fire involv-ing electrotechnical products should recognize the followingtypes of tests:6.1.1 Fire Simulation Tests:6.1.1.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of electro-technical products, in a way as representative as possible of theuse of the product in practice.6.1.1.2
43、 When the actual conditions of use (including fore-seeable abnormal use, malfunction, or failure) of a product aresimulated as closely as possible, and the design of the testprocedure is related to the actual fire hazard, such tests arelikely to assess one or more relevant aspects of the fire hazard
44、associated with the use of the product under consideration in aspecific scenario. The results of this type of test are thus wellsuited for use as elements of a fire hazard assessment that takesinto account all the factors pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard of the electrotechnical product i
45、n a particular end use.6.1.1.3 Do not use the results of fire simulation tests for firehazard assessment when a change of product design is made, orwhen conditions of use are changed from those simulated in thetest.6.1.1.4 Since such tests are designed specifically for adetailed fire scenario, they
46、often do not become test standards.6.1.2 Fire Resistance Tests:6.1.2.1 These tests are intended to assess the ability of anelectrotechnical product, or one of its parts, to preserve thevarious properties necessary for its use, under specified condi-tions of exposure to fire and for a stated period o
47、f time. In otherwords, these tests measure continuity of operation.6.1.2.2 They are intended to provide data on the electricalbehavior and performance of an electrotechnical product, orfinished assembly, under a particular condition of exposure toheat or flame.6.1.2.3 Recent studies show a need for
48、very careful consid-eration of the test conditions and comparison with the actualfire situation and to the possible effect of any uncontrolledvariables, such as the environment in which the product isplaced.6.1.2.4 It is unlikely that the results of fire resistance testsare directly applicable to fi
49、re hazard assessment of the corre-sponding electrotechnical product.6.1.3 Combustion Characteristic Tests:6.1.3.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of smallstandardized specimens under controlled conditions. Thesetests are used to give data on properties related to the burningbehavior of the materials, components, or end-use productstested. They are also useful for comparative evaluations. Thefire properties measured include, but are not limited to,flammability, ignitability, flame spread rate, smoke density, fireeffluent generation, and heat release rate.
