1、Designation: D5598 01 (Reapproved 2012)D5598 18Standard Test Method forEvaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelfor Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test method is based on a test procedure developed by t
3、he Coordinating Research Council(CRC) and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. A similar test methodis described in the California Air Resource Board (CARB) report, “Test Method for Evaluating PortFuel Injector Deposits in Vehicle Engines.”Driveability problems in PFI au
4、tomobiles were first reported in 1984. These driveability problemswere caused by deposits in the tips of pintle-type fuel injectors. In response to this problem, the CRCdeveloped a program to evaluate a method of testing PFI deposit-forming tendencies in gasolines.D235-h test cycle consisting of 15
5、min 15 min of operation at 88 kph (55 mph) 88 kph (55 mph)followed by a 45-min45 min soak period was used for the program.This test cycle showed statisticallysignificant differences in deposit-forming tendencies of the test fuels on the vehicles fuel injectors.The results of the CRC program are disc
6、ussed in CRC Report No. 565,2 and SAE Paper 890213.31. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure to evaluate the tendency of an unleaded spark-ignition engine fuel to foulelectronic port fuel injectors (PFI).1.2 The test method is applicable to unleaded spark-ignition engine f
7、uels which may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors,metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, and oxygenates.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to addres
8、s all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statemen
9、ts are given throughout this test method.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5598, contact ASTM Headquarters. Other properties of significance tospark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D4814.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordanc
10、e with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
11、rds:4D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-O
12、xygenate Blends.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2018. Published November 2012December 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20072012as D5598 01 (2007).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D5598-01R12.10.1520/D5598-18.2 CRC Report No. 565 “A Program to Evaluate a Vehicle T
13、est Method for Port Fuel Injector Deposit-Forming Tendencies of Unleaded Base Gasolines,” February 1989.Available from Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Ctr. Pkwy., Atlanta, GA 30346.5755 North Point Parkway Suite 265 Alpharetta, GA 30022,www.crcao.org.3 Tupa, Taniguchi, Benson, “A
14、Vehicle Test Technique for Studying Port Fuel Injector DepositsA Coordinating Research Council Program,” Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) Technical Paper Series: Paper No. 890213, 1989, Available from Society of Automotive Engineers International, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA15096.4 For
15、referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provi
16、de the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the s
17、tandard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products,
18、Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormation2.2 ANSI Standard:5MC 96.1 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples2.3 Other Standards:“Te
19、st Method for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector (PFI) Deposits In Vehicle Engines,” State of CaliforniaAir Resources Board(CARB), Stationary Source Div., March 1, 1991 (incorporated by reference in California Code of Regulations, Title 13,Section 2257).6Title 1Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance o
20、f National Air Quality Standards, Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990Public Law 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990.Nov. 15, 1990.73. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 base fuel, nin automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, a material composed primarily of hydro
21、carbons that may alsocontain oxygenates, anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and dyes but does not contain deposit control or leadadditives. D55003.2.1.1 DiscussionA jurisdiction may set limits on lead content from all sources.3.2.2 driveability, nin vehicles equipped with inter
22、nal combustion engines, the quality of a vehicles performancecharacteristics under a range of conditions as perceived by the operator. D48143.2.2.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics may include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, idling, and hot starting3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific
23、 to This Standard:3.1.1 base fuel, nunleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but maycontain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, and oxygenates.3.3.1 deposit control additive, nmaterial added to the base fuel to prevent
24、 or remove deposits in the entire engine intakesystem.3.3.1.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method, the performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited to the electronic port fuelinjector tip areas.3.1.3 driveability, nthe quality of a vehicles performance characteristics as
25、 perceived by the operator in response to changesin throttle position.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics may include cold starting and warmup, acceleration, vapor lock, and hot starting.3.3.2 electronic port fuel injector (PFI), nan electromechanical device used to control fuel flow i
26、n an internal combustionengine.3.3.3 fouling, vformation of carbonaceous deposits on the pintle or metering surfaces of an electronic fuel injector, whichreduces fuel flow rate.3.3.4 pintle, nneedle-like metering device, that is part of an electronic fuel injector, which controls flow rate and spray
27、 pattern.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6 Available from California Air Resources Board, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812, http:/www.arb.ca.gov.7 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Available from Supe
28、rintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.D5598 1823.3.5 test fuel, nbase fuel with or without the addition of a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage asdescribed in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes a
29、 procedure for evaluating the formation of deposits in port fuel injectors of a modernspark-ignition engine. This test method described herein utilizes a 2.2-L2.2 L Chrysler turbocharged engine equipped with anoverhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection. This test
30、method includes a procedure for runninga vehicle on a prescribed test cycle to form deposits in the port fuel injectors and a procedure for determining the resultant flowloss of a set of standardized injectors of known flow rate.4.2 Each test begins with a new set of standardized fuel injectors whic
31、h have previously been flow rated. All routinemaintenance is performed in accordance with the Chrysler service manual.8 The entire fuel system is flushed and filled with thenew test fuel. To ensure compliance with the established test procedure, a data logger is active at all times after the test ha
32、s begun,during all mileage accumulation and soak times.4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 15 min 15 min at a speed of 88 kph (55 mph) 88 kph (55 mph) and an enginesoak time of 45 min. 45 min. This cycle is repeated for a total of 16 100 km (10 000 miles).16 100 km (10 000 miles).4.
33、4 After the required mileage has been accumulated, the port fuel injectors are removed from the engine and the end-of-testflow rate is measured. The resultant flow loss is then calculated by comparing both end and start of test flow rates. Operationaland mechanical criteria are then reviewed to dete
34、rmine if the test shall be considered valid.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test MethodDeposits are prone to form on the metering surfaces of pintle-type electronic fuel injectors. These depositsreduce fuel flow through the metering orifices. Reductions in metered fuel flow result in an upset in the air-
35、fuel ratio, which canaffect emissions and driveability. When heavy enough, these deposits can lead to driveability symptoms such as hesitation, hardstarting, loss of power, or a combination thereof, that are easily noticed by the average driver and lead to customer complaints.The mechanism of the fo
36、rmation of deposits is not completely understood. It is believed to be influenced by many factors,including driving cycle, engine design, port fuel injector design, and composition of fuel used. The procedure in this test methodhas been found to build deposits in injectors on a consistent basis. The
37、 deposits formed by this procedure are similar to the depositsexperienced in the field in terms of composition and in amount of deposition. This procedure can be used to evaluate differencesin unleaded base fuels and fuel additives.5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory ActionLegislative
38、 and regulatory activity, primarily by the state ofCalifornia6 and the Federal Government7 necessitate the acceptance of a standard test method to evaluate the port fuel injectordeposit-forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.5.1.2 Relevance of ResultsThe operating conditions an
39、d design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are notrepresentative of all modern automobiles. These factors must be considered when interpreting test results.5.2 Test Validity:5.2.1 Procedural ComplianceThe test results are not considered valid unless the test is completed in complian
40、ce with allrequirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Section 10 will result in a void test.Engineering judgment must be applied during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of thetest results.5.2.2 Vehicle ComplianceAtest
41、 is not considered valid unless the vehicle has met the quality control inspection requirementsin accordance with 8.2.6. Apparatus6.1 AutomobileThe vehicle to be used for this test method is a Chrysler Corp. vehicle equipped with a 2.2-L, 4- cylinder 2.2 L,4-cylinder turbocharged engine. An intercoo
42、led turbocharged engine may also be used. Vehicles equipped with either manual orautomatic transmissions are acceptable. Hood vents shall be plugged on vehicles so equipped. Only vehicles from model years1985 through 1987, inclusive, shall be used. Allowable vehicle models are shown in Table 1.8 Ava
43、ilable from Chrysler Corp. Service Publications, 25999 Lawrence Ave., Center Line, MI 48015.TABLE 1 Allowable Vehicle ListChrysler Dodge PlymouthLaser Daytona CaravelleLeBaron 600 LancerLeBaron GTS Charger SundanceNew Yorker Shadow Omni GLHD5598 1836.1.1 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors Only Bosch EV1
44、.1Apintle-style injectors with plastic caps shall be used. These injectorsare Bosch part number 0280150360.9 The corresponding Chrysler Corp. part number is 4306024 and is clearly marked on theinjector.All tests shall begin with new, flow-tested injectors. Each new injector shall be qualified for le
45、ak rate prior to testing usingthe procedure in Annex A1.6.1.2 TiresAll tires shall be of the same size and as specified by the vehicle manfacturer. Tires shall be inflated to themanufacturers recommended pressure or up to a maximum pressure of 310 6 10 kPa (45 6 0.5 psi) 310 kPa 6 10 kPa (45 psi6 0.
46、5 psi) for chassis dynamometer use.6.1.3 Miscellaneous PartsAll powertrain components, front-end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust system,except as specified, shall be original equipment, original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equivalent.6.1.4 New Engine/Vehicle Parts Li
47、stTable 2 contains those frequently replaced parts with the corresponding Chrysler/Moparpart number to be used for the buildup of the vehicle as required by this test method. Part numbers suggested in Table 2 or listedby the manufacturer may vary from model-to-model.6.2 Laboratory Facilities:6.2.1 F
48、uel Injector Testing AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature shall be maintained at a uniform temperature between 2121 C and 27C (7027 C (70 F and80F).80 F). Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable injector f
49、low measurements. (WarningProvide adequateventilation and fire protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids, or both, and solvents are used. Suitable protectiveclothing is recommended.)6.2.2 Garage/Maintenance AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be maintained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicate natureof the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in temperature or humidity. (WarningAdequate v
