1、Designation: D7822 13D7822 18Standard Practice forDermal Wipe Sampling for the Subsequent Determination ofMetals and Metalloids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the wet wiping of potentially exposed skin of workers for the
3、subsequentdetermination of metals and metalloids.NOTE 1For guidance on collection of wipe samples on surfaces other than skin, refer to Guide D7659.1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria that are used for hazard evaluation, risk assessment, or otherpurposes.1.3 This practice
4、 contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more
5、 specific operations. This practice cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This practice is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adeq
6、uacyof a given professional service must be judged, nor should this practice be applied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the practice has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to add
7、ress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was develo
8、ped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Document
9、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of MetalsD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Du
10、st by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7707 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Beryllium in Surface DustE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surfac
11、e Dust2.2 ISO and European Standards:3ISO TR 14294 Workplace atmospheresMeasurementAtmospheresMeasurement of dermal exposurePrinciplesDermalExposurePrinciples and methodsMethodsEN 689ISO 18158 Workplace AtmospheresGuidance for the Assessment of Exposure by Inhalation to Chemical Agents forComparison
12、 with Limit Values and Measurement StrategyAtmospheresWorkplace ExposureTerminology1 This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace AirQuality.Current edition approved April 1, 2013Dec. 1,
13、2018. Published April 2013January 2019. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7822 13. DOI: 10.1520/D7822-13.10.1520/D7822-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
14、ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide th
15、e user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standa
16、rd as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1EN 1540 Workplace exposureTerminology43. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see Terminology D1356.
17、3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1356.3.1.2 agentagent, nany chemical or biological entity on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as producedby any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally and whether or not p
18、laced on the market. EN 689ISO TR 142943.1.3 dermal exposureexposure, nprocess of contact between an agent and human skin at an exposure surface over anexposure period. ISO TR 142943.1.3.1 DiscussionDermal exposure can originate from contact with surfaces or from airborne contaminants. The exposure
19、period may or may notbe known.3.1.4 dermal exposure loadingloading, ndermal exposure mass divided by the dermal exposure surface area. ISOTR 142943.1.4.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons dermal exposure loading can be expressed as the mass divided by area-averaged skin contaminant layersurface area i
20、n mg/cm2.3.1.5 dermal exposure massmass, nmass of agent present in the dermal contact volume. ISO TR 142943.1.5.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons, dermal exposure mass is defined by the amount of agent present in the skin contaminant layer. The outcomeof the process of dermal exposure (that is, the
21、contact) can be expressed by different parameters of exposure, such as mg/cm2, ormg/hand, though ascertaining the exact area of the exposure is preferred.3.1.6 dermal exposure surfacesurface, nthe skin surface area where an agent is present. ISO TR 142943.1.6.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons this m
22、ay be determined from a two dimensional representation, such as a tracing of the hand for the skincontaminant layer in cm2. It may also be represented by specifying the part of the body with a description of the anatomical limitsof the sampling area (for example, the hand as far as the wrist).3.1.7
23、skin contaminant layerlayer, ncompartment on top of the stratum corneum of the human skin formed by sebum lipids,sweat and additional water from transepidermal water loss, also including products from cornification and unshed corneocytes.ISO TR 142943.1.8 workplaceworkplace, nthe defined designated
24、area or areas in which the work activities are carried out. EN 1540ISO181584. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of workersskin are collected from estimated dermal surface areas with wetted wipes using a specified wipingprocedure.4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for subsequent determination o
25、f the metals and metalloids of interest by usingspectrometry or other laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic or mass spectrometry.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of samples of skin contamination to be used for the estimation of dermal exposureto metals
26、and metalloids. The practice is meant for use in the collection of dermal samples that are of interest in hazard evaluation,risk assessment, or other purposes. This practice is meant to provide a standardized means for estimating exposures to body partsthat are potentially exposed via dermal contact
27、 with airborne or surface contaminants, or both.5.2 The techniques described in this practice may not accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of metal or metalloidresidues by way of dermal contact.D7822 1825.3 Additional information on the principles and methods for the measurement
28、 of dermal exposure can be found in ISO TR14294.6. Materials6.1 Wipes, for collection of metals samples from skin surfaces. The background metal(s) content of the wipes should be as lowas possible. At a maximum, the background level of target metal(s) shall be no more than one-tenth the target conce
29、ntration themetal(s) to be measured. Wipes shall be fully wetted prior to use. Wipes may be wetted on site in the field by the person collectingthe samples, or may be purchased pre-wetted.NOTE 2Wipes meeting the requirements of Specification E1792 or D7707, or both, may be suitable.6.2 Sample Contai
30、ners, sealable, disposable, clean rigid-walled, of sufficient volume for the wiping material to be used.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of a suitable rigid-walled sample container.6.3 Measuring Tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to 60.1 cm.6.4 Disposable Gloves, powder
31、-free, to avoid the possibility of contamination and to protect hands from contact with toxic andcorrosive substances. PVC or nitrile gloves are suitable.6.5 Cleaning Cloths, for cleaning of templates and other equipment.6.6 Digital camera or graph paper, if necessary for assistance in estimating th
32、e surface area of the skin surface sampled.6.7 Timer, when necessary to measure the sampling time period.6.8 Sampling Templates, one or more of the following: 25 cm2 (for example, 5 cm by 5 cm minimum dimensions); reusable ordisposable flexible plastic template(s) (for example, full-square, rectangu
33、lar, ovals, circles and triangles); or templates ofalternative areas having accurately known dimensions (see Practice D6966). Templates shall be flexible or otherwise capable ofbeing adjusted (that is, flexible) to conform to the skin surface. To minimize the risk of cross-contamination, the use of
34、disposabletemplates is generally preferred. Reusable templates shall be cleaned prior to each use.6.9 Marker, permanent or semi-permanent (metal-free ink) may be used in place of the template (see 6.8) to mark the area ofskin to be wiped.NOTE 4Caution should be exercised to avoid disturbing or touch
35、ing the area to be sampled when marking the sampling area.6.10 Medical Tape (adhesive tape) may be used instead of a sampling template (see 6.8) to mark an area of skin to be wipedor to immobilize the sampling template on the skin.NOTE 5Caution should be exercised to avoid disturbing or touching the
36、 area to be sampled when marking the sampling area.D7822 1837. Procedure7.1 Sampling:7.1.1 Sampling EffciencyIt is recommended to conduct sampling efficiency studies prior to field sampling, under conditionsthat are similar to conditions of exposure regarding exposure process, levels of skin loading
37、, and time of residence of the compoundon the skin before collecting field samples.samples (1), (, 2).4NOTE 6Based on the results of sampling efficiency studies, it may be desirable to use more than one wipe for a specific sampling event. The numberof wipes to be used should be specified prior to pe
38、rforming the sampling.7.1.2 Wipe Method:7.1.2.1 Hand Sample Collection:(1) The person collecting the sample opens a wipe packet and without touching the wipe, offers it to the subject whose exposureis to be evaluated (3).(2) The subject is instructed to remove the wipe from the packet, and unfold it
39、.(3) The subject is instructed to wipe the palms first, then the top surfaces of both sides of the subjects hands, including thefingers (using normal hand washing pressure).(4) The subject is instructed to wipe the hands for a period of not less than 30 seconds.(5) After wiping is finished, the subj
40、ect is instructed to place the wipe into a clean, labeled sampling container.NOTE 7If the palms of the hands are dirtier than the back of the hands, it is recommended to wipe the back of the hands before the palms (that is,begin on the cleaner side and move to the dirtier side).7.1.2.2 Sample Collec
41、tion for Skin Other than Hands:(1) An area of skin, with the minimum 25 cm2 area to be wiped, is demarcated by the person collecting or assisting in collectingthe sample.(2) A template (see 6.8) is placed on the surface of the skin of the exposed person and held in place (manually or with tape)while
42、 the sample is collected. Alternatively, the area of skin to be wiped is marked using a ruler and marker (see 6.9) or medicaltape.(3) Where the surface area of the body part cannot easily be measured (for example, ears or nose), or circumstances do notpermit measurement of the body part, a descripti
43、on of the anatomical limits of the body part being wiped should be noted and thoselimits adhered to for all similar samples.(4) The person collecting the sample thoroughly wipes the exposed skin surface. If applicable, sample collection shall beconducted using the patterns starting from the perimete
44、r and working towards the interior of the area to be wiped (see Fig. 1).(5) After sample collection, the wipe used for sampling is transferred to a clean, labeled sample container.7.1.3 LabelingAfter the wipe sample has been placed in the sample container, label the container with sufficient informa
45、tionto uniquely and indelibly identify the sample, and record the dimensions (in cm2, if applicable) of the selected sampling area (thatis, the internal dimensions defined by the template, the taped area or the estimation of the hand surface area, if applicable).7.1.4 Sample TransportCollected sampl
46、es shall be transported to a laboratory for analysis following appropriate chain-of-custody procedures (see Guide D4840).7.1.5 Estimation of Exposed Skin Surface Area of the HandIf desired, the exposed area of the wiped hand can be estimatedusing one of the following techniques:7.1.5.1 Place the wip
47、ed hand on a piece of graph paper subdivided in cm2, and trace the hand with a pen to include the entirearea that was wiped, as shown in Fig. 2. Estimate the surface area as described in 7.1.5.3.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.FIG. 1 Wi
48、ping Pattern Starting from Perimeter and Working Towards the Interior of the Sampling AreaD7822 1847.1.5.2 Photograph the wiped hand, including a vertical and horizontal scale in cm such that the length and circumference ofthe hand (see Fig. 2) can be determined. Estimate the surface area as describ
49、ed in 7.1.5.3.7.1.5.3 An estimate of the hand surface area can be calculated using a method described by Li, et al. (4). This estimation isperformed as follows:(1) The hand length, in cm, is measured from the center of the wrist, at the metacarpal phalangeal joint, to the tip of the middlefinger, as shown in Fig. 2, using a flexible ruler.(2) The hand circumference, in cm, is measured at the metacarpal phalangeal joint, as shown in Fig. 2, using a flexible ruler.(3) The estimated hand surface area, HSA, is calculated using the equation
