1、Designation: E2969 17E2969 18Standard Test Methods forTransverse Load Tests on Panels Used in WallConstruction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2969; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSound engineering design of structures using existing or new materials requires accurate technicaldata on the strength
3、and rigidity of the basic elements employed in various construction systems. It isthe purpose of these test methods to provide a systematic basis for obtaining engineering data onvarious construction elements and structural details of value to designers, builders, building officials,and others inter
4、ested in this field. The results should closely approximate the performance in actualservice.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover transverse load testing to determine the structural properties of wall segments.1.2 These test methods serve to evaluate the performance of wall panels subject to transve
5、rse bending loads appliedperpendicular to the plane of the wall. The tests are conducted on horizontal or vertical specimens under two-point loading. It alsoshall be permitted to apply uniform load using an air bag or a vacuum chamber. Depending upon the configuration tested, theseloads are intended
6、 to evaluate the transverse deflection, permanent set, and maximum flexural capacity or planar shear capacity,or both, of the wall segment. These test methods are not intended for the evaluation of individual structural framing or supportingmembers (floor joist, decking, etc.), or both. The connecti
7、ons between the vertical elements of the wall segment and thesurrounding construction are excluded from the scope of these methods and shall be evaluated by alternative means.1.3 Notes and footnotes in this standard provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables a
8、ndfigures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to esta
9、blish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for t
10、he Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE72 Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of P
11、anels for Building ConstructionE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and AssembliesE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2309/E2309M Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testi
12、ng Machines1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 onHorizontal and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structures.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2017Sept. 15, 201
13、8. Published December 2017December 2018. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017as E296917. DOI: 10.1520/E2969-17.10.1520/E296918.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
14、TM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically p
15、ossible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building construction used in these test methods, refer to Terminology E631.E2969 1823.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 asymmetrical assemblies, npan
17、els having different configuration on exterior and interior exposed surface.3.2.2 wall panel configuration, na wall panel of specific length, or height, and width representing one possible case of a wallsystem and consisting of a specific arrangement of wall panel components.4. Significance and Use4
18、.1 The procedures outlined in these test methods serve to evaluate the performance of the wall segments for deflection,permanent set, and maximum load-carrying capacity under transverse loading. Performance criteria based on data collected usingthese procedures fall outside the scope of these test m
19、ethods.4.2 Transverse loads cannot be applied satisfactorily to some wall constructions, such as masonry, with the specimen in ahorizontal position. For such constructions, the loads shall be applied to the specimen in a vertical position thus simulating serviceconditions.4.3 Test results obtained f
20、rom the two-point loading (8.2.1 and 9.2.1) and the uniform loading (8.2.2 and 9.2.2) are neithercompatible nor interchangeable.5. Test Specimens5.1 Minimum Number of SpecimensThere shall be at least three specimens tested for each wall panel configuration andloading direction. Asymmetrical assembli
21、es shall be tested on each face (side) for which the results may be different.5.2 Specimen ConstructionSpecimens shall be constructed to represent segments of the wall assembly. The specimens shallbe representative as to material and workmanship and shall be of the practical size to predict the targ
22、eted structural performanceattributes of the assembly (see 5.3).5.3 Length or HeightThe length, or height, of specimen for each wall panel configuration shall be chosen to conform to thelength, or height, of that wall panel in actual use. The length(s) selected for testing shall be chosen to promote
23、 any potential flexuralor shear failure modes, or both, that may occur (see Note 1).NOTE 1 An example of an approach that may satisfy this requirement may be to test the shortest wall length that may occur in actual use to evaluatethe potential for a shear failure and a longer representative length
24、to achieve a bending failurefailure.5.4 WidthThe width of specimen shall be chosen, insofar as possible, to include several of the principal load-carryingmembers to ensure that the behavior under load will simulate that under service conditions. The nominal width of specimens shallbe 1.2 m (48 in.).
25、 The actual width of specimens shall be a whole number multiple of the spacing of the principal load-carryingmembers, except for prefabricated panels for which the actual width shall be the width of panel used. If the structural propertiesof a particular construction are to be compared with another
26、construction, the specimens shall be of comparable (similar) sizes.5.5 AgeConstructions such as plaster, stucco, concrete, and masonry (brick, stone, structural clay tile, or concrete block) forwhich the structural properties depend upon the age of the specimen shall be aged not less than what is in
27、dicated by themanufacturer or national standard, or both. The age of the specimen shall be recorded in the report.6. Apparatus6.1 Loading ApparatusFor any of the horizontal and vertical test methods detailed in Sections 8 and 9, the testing machineand load-measuring apparatus shall comply with the r
28、equirements prescribed in Practices E4.6.2 SupportsThe supporting method of the specimen shall closely reflect the field application. If the supports cannot reflectthe field applications, then the specimen shall be simply supported at the ends in accordance with 8.1.1.6.3 Deflection-Measuring Appara
29、tusDeflection-measuring apparatus shall meet the requirements given in 8.1.4 for the testson horizontal specimens and 9.1.4 for the tests on vertical specimens.7. Procedure7.1 ProcedureFor any of the horizontal and vertical test methods detailed in Sections 8 and 9, the following load applicationand
30、 displacement measurement procedures shall be used:7.2 Application of LoadApply the load to the specimen in increments so chosen that a sufficient number of readings (4 to 10)will be obtained to definitely determine the load-deflection curve (see 7.3) using the following sequence:7.2.1 Apply a pre-l
31、oad not to exceed 5 % of the expected maximum load and hold for 5 min (61 min). min) (Note 2). Releasethe load and allow a recovery period for stabilization of the test specimen. Then zero-out the deflection-measuring devices. Therecovery period for stabilization shall not be less than 5 min (61 min
32、) at zero load.NOTE 2Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level increment loads are as follows:(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to taking the second set of readings (depending on the method employed for applyingthe test load, it may be necessary to continue, at
33、 a reduced rate, the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant load level during the5-min period).E2969 183(2) To provide sufficient time for making all observations. Longer time intervals may be required under certain conditions.(3) To observe any time-dependent deformation or
34、load redistribution, or both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependentdeformation starts, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayed load-deflection curves. This load level may, under certain conditions, have animportant bearing on the design load.(4) To be able to st
35、op the test if initial results show that failure is likely.(5) To assure uniformity in specimen performance and consistency in test results.7.2.2 Increase the load to the first increment, hold for 5 min (61 min), and then release. Hold the specimen released for 5 min(61 min).7.2.3 Increase the load
36、to the next increment, maintain the load level as constant as possible for the predetermined period (see7.4) and unless otherwise specified, release it. Maintain the specimen in the unloaded state for 5 min (61 min).7.2.4 Repeat 7.2.3 sequence for each of the predetermined increments until the behav
37、ior of the specimen under load indicatesthat it might fail suddenly and damage the deflection-measuring apparatus. Then, remove this apparatus from the specimen andincrease the load continuously until the maximum load is reached.7.2.5 Loading RateLoad shall be applied at a uniform rate of load or di
38、splacement. The loading rate shall be such that thetarget load or displacement at each increment is achieved in not less than 1 min. Report the loading rate used and the time fromload initiation to maximum load for each test specimen.7.3 Measurements:7.3.1 At each load increment, take displacement r
39、eadings as soon as practical after load application, at the end of the 5-minperiod under constant load, and immediately and at the end of the 5-min period after any partial or complete load release. Maintaincomplete load-deflection-time records throughout the test until the deflection-measuring appa
40、ratus is removed.7.3.2 If application of a given load is required for a longer period, take displacement readings at the beginning, at intervalsduring this period, and immediately at the end of the period, to allow the satisfactory plotting of a time-deflection curve for thecomplete period.7.3.3 Cal
41、culate the deflection for each edge of the specimen under a given load as the difference between the readings whenthe load is applied and the initial reading. Calculate the deflection at mid-span as the average of the deflections obtained at bothedges of the specimen. Calculate the sets under the in
42、itial load (or partially released load, if applicable) by using the sameprocedure7.4 Duration of Load ApplicationAt each load increment, maintain load level as constant as possible for a period of at least5 min. If load duration has an important bearing on test results for certain wall constructions
43、, a longer period of load application,such as 24 h, is required (see Note 2).NOTE 2Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level increment loads are as follows:(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to taking the second set of readings (depending on the method employed
44、for applyingthe test load, it may be necessary to continue, at a reduced rate, the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant load level during the5-min period).(2) To provide sufficient time for making all observations. Longer time intervals may be required under certain conditi
45、ons.(3) To observe any time-dependent deformation or load redistribution, or both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependentdeformation starts, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayed load-deflection curves. This load level may, under certain conditions, have animpo
46、rtant bearing on the design load.(4) To be able to stop the test if initial results show that failure is likely.(5) To assure uniformity in specimen performance and consistency in test results.7.5 Direction of Load ApplicationThe specimens shall be tested with the transverse load applied to the outs
47、ide face of thespecimen. For asymmetrical assemblies, additional specimens shall be tested with the transverse load applied to the inside face.8. Test on Horizontal Specimen8.1 Apparatus:8.1.1 Loading ApparatusThe apparatus shall be capable of applying two-point load or a uniform load (such as that
48、appliedby air bag or vacuum chamber) and shall conform to the requirements prescribed in 8.1.2 and 8.1.3, or the equivalent.8.1.2 SupportsThe specimen shall be supported at the ends of the span across the entire width using steel bearing plates onsteel rollers (recommend 5-cm (2-in.) diameter). The
49、size of the bearing plates shall be sufficient to prevent a localized bearingfailure, but not more that 5 % of the test span.8.1.3 Loading AssemblyThe load shall be applied using two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loading roller andthe specimen. The rollers and plates shall be sized in accordance with 8.1.2.8.1.4 Deflection-Measuring DeviceThe deflection-measuring device shall be compatible with the test apparatus indicated in8.1.1 and provide Class D or better accuracy in accordance with Practices E2309/E2309M. A frame shall be placed on the
