1、Designation: F2397 09 (Reapproved 2015)F2397 18 An American National StandardStandard Specification forProtective Headgear Used in Martial ArtsCombative Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers performance requirements for head protection
3、 used for training and competition in martialartscombative sports such as karate, wushu, and taekwondo, where normal contact between participants may be repeated, but islimited to a level that is not intended to produce injury. These activities typically take place in indoor or outdoor environmentsw
4、here the temperature is moderate. This specification recognizes the desirability of a lightweight and streamlined construction, andventilation; however, it is a performance specification, and is not intended to restrict design.1.2 All testing and requirements of this specification shall be in accord
5、ance with Test Methods F1446, except where noted inthis specification.1.3 Partial utilization of this standard is prohibited. Any statement of compliance with this specification shall be a certificationthat the product meets all of the requirements of the specification in its entirety. A product tha
6、t fails to meet any one of therequirements of this specification is considered to have failed the specification, and shall not be distributed or sold with anyindication that it meets parts of the specification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measur
7、ement are included in this standard.1.5 The following safety caveat applies to the chemical, mechanical, or physical, or a combination thereof, test methodsdescribed herein and is meant specifically for those performing the tests (in an effort to provide them with notice to take theappropriate preca
8、utions when conducting the tests): This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, andhealthenvironmental practices and determine the applicabil
9、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World
10、Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1446 Test Methods for Equipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of Protective Headgear3. Terminology3.1 See Test Methods F1446.4. Significance and Use4.1 The p
11、urpose of this specification is to provide reliable and repeatable test methods for the evaluation of protective headgearfor martial artscombative sports training and competition. Injuries resulting from accidentally hard hand-to-head impacts,foot-to-head impacts, and head-to-ground impacts may be d
12、ecreased in severity and, in some cases, prevented. No headgear canprotect against all impacts, foreseeable or not. Forces resulting from strikes to the head due to kicks, punches, and falls are notwell understood. The mechanism of possible injury is not addressed in this specification.1 This specif
13、ication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.53 on Headgear and Helmets.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015Oct. 1, 2018. Published February 2015November 2018. Originally approved in
14、 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20092015as F2397 09.F2397 09 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/F2397-09R15.10.1520/F2397-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
15、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
16、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
17、ted States15. Certification5.1 See Test Methods F1446.6. Apparatus6.1 Test HeadformsHeadforms to be used for the stability and falling impact tests in this specification are as defined in TestMethods F1446. The appropriate size headform shall be selected for the headgear to be tested. For the striki
18、ng impact tests in thisspecification, it is acceptable to use the appropriate size Hybrid III head- and neck-forms.6.2 Stability Test Instruments and EquipmentStability test instruments and equipment shall be in accordance with therequirements of the roll-off test described in Test Methods F1446.6.3
19、 Falling Impact Test Instruments and EquipmentImpact test instruments and equipment for falling impact shall be inaccordance with the requirements of Test Methods F1446, using the flat anvil described in Test Methods F1446.6.4 Striking Impact Instruments and EquipmentAll tests for striking impact sh
20、all be performed with a Hybrid III headformand neck. A tri-axial accelerometer capable of measuring impact of at least 1000-G and frequencies greater than 3 kHz, mountedat the center of mass of the headform, shall be used to measure the resultant acceleration of the headform. The headform and neckar
21、e to be rigidly connected at the neck to a 25-kg steel mass, and suspended head-down on a flexible joint. The striker shall bean aluminum tube with a length of 500 6 5 mm from its pivot point to the strike point, extend an additional 50 6 5 mm beyondthe strike point, and have an external diameter of
22、 80 6 5 mm. The mass of the tube shall be 4.5 6 0.2 kg, uniformly distributedalong its length. The striker shall be loaded with a spring or a falling mass, such that when the striker is rotated back and released,it rotates forward toward the headform and strikes it at the designated points. No force
23、 is to be applied to the striker by the springor falling mass once the striker rotates forward beyond the initial impact point, however, the striker must be free to rotate forwardafter impact. Rotating the striker further backwards before releasing it can increase the striking speed. The terminal sp
24、eed impactshall be measured within 100 mm of the point of free rotation. A schematic diagram of a typical striking impact tester is shownin Fig. 1.7. Samples for Testing7.1 Conditions and attachments in accordance with Test Methods F1446.FIG. 1 Striking Impact Test.F2397 1827.2 Number of SamplesA te
25、st normally requires seven samples of each size. All testing may be done on two size groups onlyif the material, material thickness, and construction of all the sizes are the same, that is, differing in coverage area only. If onlytwo size groups are tested, the sizes must represent the largest and s
26、mallest sizes that will fit the appropriate headform. If thematerial, material thickness, or construction is different between each size, then all sizes must be tested.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 See Test Methods F1446.9. Conditioning Environments9.1 See Test Methods F1446. The ambient tem
27、perature and water immersion environments shall be used.9.2 The following modified high temperature environment shall be used. The sample shall be kept in a 47 to 53C environmentfor 4 to 24 h. The sample shall then be kept in a 35 to 40C environment for 4 to 24 h. Testing must begin within 1 min aft
28、erremoval from this final conditioning environment. Before further testing, the headgear must be returned to the final conditioningenvironment within 3 min, or be reconditioned for 5 min for each minute it is out of the final conditioning environment beyondthe allowed 3 min.10. Test Schedule10.1 One
29、 sample from each size group to be tested will be inspected according to the schedule listed in Test Methods F1446.10.2 Two headgear will be assigned to the ambient conditioning environment. Two headgear will be assigned to each of theother two conditioning environments.10.3 Testing will be performe
30、d in the following order:10.3.1 Retention test,10.3.2 Low-energy falling impact test,10.3.3 High-energy falling impact test,10.3.4 Low-energy striking impact test, and10.3.5 High-energy striking impact test.10.4 Testing must be complete 30 min after initial removal from the conditioning environment.
31、 Once testing has begun on asample, all tests on that sample must be completed within 3 min. For each minute, or fraction thereof, this time limit is exceeded,the sample must be returned to the conditioning environment for an additional 5 min.11. Test Methods11.1 Reference Marking:11.1.1 Place the h
32、eadgear on the appropriate headform in accordance with Test Methods F1446. Pre-load with a ballast of 5 kg.11.1.2 Draw lines A-B-C-D-E on the headgear as shown in Fig. 2. This represents the test line for impact in the frontal,ASTMHeadform SizeXmmYmmRmmSmmA 24.0 89.7 38.0 7.0E 26.0 96.0 39.0 8.0J 27
33、.5 102.5 41.0 8.0M 29.0 107.0 41.0 8.0O 31.0 110.0 42.0 9.0FIG. 2 Marking the Test LineF2397 183temporal, and occipital directions. Lines A-B-C and D-E are parallel to the reference and basic planes. Line B-D is co-planar withthe coronal plane. The center of impact may be selected to be anywhere on
34、or between the test lines.311.2 Configuration:11.2.1 In general, the headgear shall be constructed to reduce the acceleration of the wearers head and to remain on the wearershead during and after impact. The headgear shall also include the following features.11.2.2 OpeningsThe headgear shall be desi
35、gned so that the ears have a connection to the environment to enable the wearerto hear, as well as to prevent air pressure damage caused by blows to the ear. There shall also be an alternate air path for relievingpressure to the ears in case a blow to the ear seals all of the connections. This alter
36、nate air path shall be constructed such that arigid 6-mm diameter rod can pass unobstructed from each ear to the environment.11.2.3 External SurfaceThe headgear must be cushioned externally to prevent injury to the striking implement, presumablya foot, hand, or another part of the body. The external
37、 surfaces of the headgear, including any exposed hard buckles or fasteners,shall be cushioned with the equivalent of at least 6 mm of a material with a maximum durometer hardness of 40 on the Shore Ascale.11.3 Materials: Materials11.3.1 See Test Methods F1446. See Test Methods F1446.11.4 Labels and
38、Warnings:11.4.1 Each headgear shall be labeled in accordance with Test Methods F1446.11.4.2 Each headgear shall also have instructions indicating that the headgear is designed to be used for martial artscombativesports training and competition. It should also inform the user that it is not designed
39、to protect against possible trauma resultingfrom full contact strikes to the head. It is designed to provide protection from light and incidental impacts that may occur whileengaging in martial artscombative sports training and competition where normal contact between participants is limited to a le
40、velthat is not intended to produce injury. While headgear is designed to decrease the chance of having a head injury or decrease itsseverity, no headgear can prevent all head injuries.11.4.3 Each headgear shall also have instructions for method and frequency of self-inspection for damage, and for di
41、sposal aftera period of time.11.5 Projections:11.5.1 Any internal projections must be in accordance with Test Methods F1446.11.5.2 External ProjectionsAny external rigid projections that can contact the striker during impact shall be protected bymeans of cushioning. Verify that if projections are pr
42、esent, they are protected. Projections may not extend beyond the exteriorsurface more than 25 mm.11.6 VisionVision testing is defined in Test Methods F1446. The vision shall be unobstructed through an angle of 105,minimum, on either side of the midsagittal plane. The vision shall be unobstructed thr
43、ough an angle of 25, minimum, upward fromthe reference plane. The vision shall be unobstructed through an angle of 45 downward from the basic plane. These angles areshown in Fig. 3.11.7 Stability (Roll-off) TestRoll-off testing is defined in Test Methods F1446. The drop-mass shall be 2 6 0.1 kg and
44、the dropheight shall be 600 6 10 mm. One sample of the headgear conditioned to the ambient environment will be used for this test.11.8 Low-Energy Falling Impact TestThis test consists of three sequential impacts, on the same headgear at the same location,with less than 1 min between each impact. Fou
45、r different sites will be tested on the same headgear.11.8.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum acceleration measured during any impact, cannot exceed 100-G. In addition,the retention system must remain intact and the headgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.8.2 Test DetailsThe
46、 impact testing shall be performed in accordance with the procedures in Test Methods F1446 unlessotherwise noted.11.8.2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the test technician and should represent the sites with the greatest risk of failure.The sites shall be centered anywhere on or between the t
47、est lines.11.8.2.2 The headgear shall be dropped onto the flat anvil. The impact shall achieve an impact velocity of 3.0 6 0.15 m/s.Measure the resulting acceleration time history of the headform.11.8.2.3 Reposition the headgear as necessary and repeat the drop within a 1-min time frame for a total
48、of three drops at eachsite.11.8.2.4 Repeat the testing for each impact site and each environmental condition, for a total of 36 impacts.11.9 High-Energy Falling Impact TestThis test consists of a single impact at four different sites on the same headgear. Thistest is possibly destructive, thus the h
49、eadgear should be inspected for damage according to the manufacturers instructions forself-inspection. Damaged headgear shall not be used for any other tests.11.9.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum acceleration measured during impact cannot exceed 300-G. In addition, theretention system must remain intact and the headgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.3 The Hybrid III 50th percentile male head corresponds to ASTM headform size J.F2397 18411.9.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performed in accordance with the procedures
