1、Designation: F3350 18Standard Guide forCollecting Skimmer Performance Data in Ice Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3350; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide defines a procedure and measurement criteriato quantify the recovery rate and efficiency of a stationaryskimmer system in drif
3、t ice conditions.1.2 The suggested procedure and test parameters are in-tended to provide conditions typical of relatively sparse driftice and relatively dense drift ice coverage.1.3 It is accepted that the recovery rate as determined by thisguide will not likely be achievable under actual condition
4、s ofa spill. The procedure in this guide does not account for suchissues as changing recovery conditions, number of daylighthours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmersettings, and inclement weather.1.4 The procedure in this guide involves the use of specifictest oils that may be co
5、nsidered hazardous materials. It is theresponsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide bynecessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal oftest oil.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
6、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization es
7、tablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater
8、 by the Ring MethodD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-tomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-cants using a Rotational ViscometerD4
9、007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF2709 Test Method for Determining a Measured NameplateRecovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definit
10、ions:3.1.1 oil recovery effciency (ORE), nthe ratio, expressedas a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the totalvolume of fluid recovered.3.1.2 oil recovery rate (ORR), nthe volume of oil recov-ered by the device per unit of time (m3/h).3.1.2.1 DiscussionNote that the measurement is of oil
11、only, after netting out free and emulsified water.3.1.3 operational effciency (OpEff), nthe ratio, expressedas a percentage, of the time spent actually skimming to the totaltest time, having deducted time spent out of the water tore-position the device.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis may be of particular int
12、erest indense ice cover, when a significant portion of the test periodmay be spent re-positioning the skimmer to find thick patchesof oil.3.1.4 skimmer system, na skimmer along with its associ-ated power supply, hydraulic lines, offloading pump, controlapparatus, and accessories.3.1.5 total test tim
13、e, nthe period of time from the start toend of collecting recovered fluids for measurement includingrepositioning.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes test conditions that will provide ameasured oil recovery rate and efficiency for a skimmeroperating in drift ice.1This guide is under th
14、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. DOI: 10.1520/F3350-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
15、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis internat
16、ional standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Commit
17、tee.14.2 End users need a procedure to quantify optimum per-formance data for planning and selection of equipment.4.3 The procedure in this guide will assist in verifying andaccurately reporting skimmer system performance.4.4 Tests will be conducted under well documented condi-tions and provide repe
18、atable results. Other detailed testing andcollection of skimmer performance data are covered underexisting standards (see Guide F631 and Test Method F2709).5. Test Facilities5.1 Tests should be performed within a tank or boomed areathat will contain the oil and constructed ice field. The minimumlate
19、ral dimensions of the test tank shall be three times thelength and width of the skimmer device. For example, askimmer with a lateral footprint of 2 by 3 m would require aminimum test area of 6 by 9 m. Note that the test area mayhave to be increased beyond the minimum test area to ensurethat the skim
20、mer has access to enough oil for a 30 s minimumcollection time. The following calculation can be made todetermine the minimum test area that will contain adequate oilfor a 30 s skimmer test, based on estimated skimmer perfor-mance:Min Test Aream2! 5 predicted recovery ratem3h!3 length of test h!#1 2
21、 % ice coverage!3 oil thickness! (1)where:length of test = 0.00833 h,oil thickness = 0.025 m, andpredicted recovery rate = minimum recovery rate expectedfor the skimmer.5.2 The tank depth shall accommodate the skimmer withoutgrounding during the test.5.3 Test oils shall be identified by industry-acc
22、epted nameand are recommended to fall within the five categories definedin Guide F631. It is recommended that the skimmer system betested in two or more oil types for comparison purposes.NOTE 1Type 1 in particular is recommended to allow comparisonwith other tests.5.4 The preferred test oil is a ref
23、ined product, which isselected to provide a stable test fluid over the test period (thatis, minimal evaporation and emulsification) and present nobreathing hazard related to oil vapors.5.5 The oils used for testing will be characterized fromsamples taken at the start of a test series and when oil is
24、replenished from a new source.Atest oil log shall be generatedand will indicate test oil type, sample number, temperature, andtest date.5.6 The following tests are to be conducted on test oils:viscosity (Test Method D2983), bottom solids and water (TestMethod D4007), specific gravity (Test Method D1
25、298),surface, and interfacial tension (Test Method D971). Viscositymay also be established using a published temperature/viscosity chart for the test oil.5.7 Manual temperature measurements of the test oil will betaken in or near the skimmer sump with an accuracy of 61 C.Note that if testing outdoor
26、s, solar effects may significantlyincrease surface oil temperature. If steam or heat is introducedinto the skimmer system as part of its design, additionalmeasurements are to be taken before such heating to accuratelygauge the properties of the oil.5.8 Ambient air test temperature shall be recorded.
27、 Tem-perature of the water in the test basin shall be recorded.5.9 Record water salinity if applicable.5.10 Tanks are required for storage of recovered productand subsequent volume measurements. The collection tanksshall be elevated above the test oil surface to accommodate arequired static head on
28、the skimmer system equal to 3.5 m offluid.5.11 Alternatively, a variable flow restriction with pressuregauge may be substituted to simulate the static head (3.5 m)and dynamic head (frictional losses) at the flow rates expected.5.12 For skimmers that do not include a discharge pump, therecovery rate
29、shall be measured as oil accumulates in theskimmers sump.5.13 When applicable, hydraulic pressure and flow mea-surements shall be made during the tests. Pressure and flowvalues shall not exceed manufacturer recommendations.5.14 Ice ConditionsTests should be performed using twodifferent ice concentra
30、tions, 30 and 70 % coverage. These iceconcentrations are generally regarded as thresholds for me-chanical recovery in ice: below 30 % concentration, oil slickthickness equilibrium is minimally affected by the presence ofice, and above 70 % concentration, oil slick thickness equilib-rium is severely
31、restricted and, while skimming may bepossible, it may require moving the skimmer from oil pocket tooil pocket within the ice.5.15 Ice for the tests can be salt-water or freshwater.5.16 Prior to testing, ice will be added to the test area, toachieve the desired coverage using the following size distr
32、ibu-tion (55%1x1m+30%0.5x0.5m+15%smallfragments). This actual size distribution is based on an analysisof fields of broken pack ice and has been defined as represen-tative and been used in previous oil-in-ice experiments.5.17 If produced as larger size pieces, ice can be brokenmanually to produce th
33、e specified sizes. Ice coverage will beestimated initially by measuring the area of the ice piecesadded to the test area, and will be confirmed subsequent to thetest for documentation in the test report using an image areaanalytical technique of overhead digital photographs or othercomparable techni
34、que.5.18 Ice thickness should be approximately 200 mm (8 in.)or greater to allow for adequate freeboard.5.19 Slick ThicknessTests should be performed with aslick thickness of 25 mm (1 in.). This thickness is selected toallow comparison with previous testing performed as part ofthe SINTEF3skimmer dev
35、elopment and testing program. It is3https:/www.sintef.no/en/F3350 182also representative of batch-type spill in moderate to dense iceconditions, such as a release from a ship or storage tank.5.20 Each test will continue until approximately one-thirdof the 25-mm thick slick has been removed (this con
36、curs withthe general principle of the Test Method F2709 nameplate teststandard).Additional oil should be added to the test area as partof the initial volume to account for hold-up in hoses at the startof the test series, priming of oleophilic surfaces, and forskimmer operation as it achieves steady-
37、state conditions. Thiswill be calculated for each test setup as it will vary dependingon the specific skimmer being tested.5.21 To give some indication of skimmer performance at alesser slick thickness, during the final test run in each series,performance measurements will continue to be taken as th
38、eslick declines. This will involve timing and collecting discretevolumes in separate containers to allow separate rate andefficiency measurements.5.22 Slick thickness will be controlled initially by distrib-uting a volume of oil, calculated as the amount required toproduce the target thickness on th
39、e open-water portion of thetests area (that is, the total test area less the percentage coveredby ice). As testing proceeds, an “oil-on-water” budget will bemaintained, estimating the amount of oil removed from the testarea in a given test to determine the volume of oil to be addedto restore the 25-
40、mm thick oil layer and any holdup required tobring the system to a steady-state condition. Prior to each test,the approximate slick thickness will be confirmed using asight-glass measuring device or other comparable technique.Each test series will start with an initial measured volume of oilto re-ze
41、ro the “oil-on-water” budget.5.23 An accurate means of determining oil slick thicknesswhile the oil slick thickness is declining is desirable. Typicalmeans of accomplishing this include manual soundings fromtank edge to oil surface or using a submerged translucent tube(sight glass) with an internal
42、index.5.24 The collection tank shall be calibrated to accuratelyquantify the volume of fluid collected. Measurement accuracyshall be determined and documented.5.25 The collection tank shall provide a means to decantfree water from the volume of recovered fluid.6. Skimmer System Set-up6.1 The skimmer
43、 components shall be fully documented.This shall include: dimensions, draft and freeboard, weight,specifications of skimmer, hydraulic power unit, dischargepump and hoses, and so forth. Components other than thoseprovided by the manufacturer and necessary to assemble afunctional skimmer system shall
44、 be reported.6.2 If a discharge pump is offered by the manufacturer aspart of the system, the normal commercially offered pump shallbe used in this test. It may be installed in the skimmer head orremotely but shall be configured as designed.6.3 The manufacturer supplied power supply, hydrauliclines,
45、 control apparatus, and accessories shall be used tooperate the skimmer.6.4 Control lines, hydraulic lines, and discharge hosesshould not interfere with the normal operation of the skimmer.Route hydraulic and discharge hoses to minimize effect onskimmer freeboard.6.5 The pump and power supply shall
46、be operated within itsnormal operating range or duty point for the system.6.6 When applicable, the operational speed of the recoverydevice shall be recorded, that is, rotational speed of drum ordisc, or lineal speed of mop or brush. Various means may beemployed, for example, mechanical or manual cou
47、nters, mea-suring hydraulic flow correlated to rotational speed and soforth, but must be validated as part of each test series.6.7 The skimming system will be equipped with a dischargehose at least 15 m long and of the manufacturer intendeddiameter. The discharge hose shall be routed to a collection
48、tank. The end of the discharge hose opening shall be elevated3.5 m above the test oil surface unless the head is simulated asdescribed in 5.11. Alternatively, a portion of the hose can beraised to 3.5 m as long as an anti-siphon valve is used.7. Procedure7.1 This section defines the procedure for qu
49、antifying skim-mer system recovery rate in ice conditions.7.2 Many skimmers are designed to be operated in thestationary or slowly-advancing mode. Given the viscosity ofthe oil and the presence of ice, oil recovery could potentially belimited by the absence of oil in the immediate vicinity of theskimmer, so the skimmers can be slowly moved through thetest area during the test at the discretion of the skimmeroperator. Alternatively, the skimmer may be lifted from thewater and replaced in another part of the test area when it hasskimmed all or most of the oil in
