1、 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1998. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 0-7381-0186-9No part of this pu
2、blication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std 1374-1998IEEE Guide for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power System SafetySponsorIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21on PhotovoltaicsApproved 30 April
3、 1998IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract:The design, equipment applicability, and hardware installation of electrically safe, stand-alone, and grid-connected PV power systems operating at less than 50 kW output are addressed.Storage batteries and other generating equipment are discussed briey.Keywords:a
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16、 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1374-1998, IEEE Guide for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power System Safety.)This guide applies to all terrestrial photovoltaic power systems regardless of application up to about 50 kWthat are not owned by an electrical
17、 utility and operated by an electrical utility on utility property. The gov-erning safety standard is the National Electrical Code (NEC) (NFPA-70-1996).At the time this guide was approved, the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Photovoltaics hadthe following membership:Richard DeBlasio,Chai
18、rSteve Chalmers,Vice ChairJerry Anderson,SecretaryAt the time this guide was approved, the Working Group on Photovoltaic Safety had the following mem-bership:Steve Chalmers,Co-ChairJohn Wiles,Co-ChairThe following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this guide for submission to the
19、 IEEE-SA Standards Board:R. AddissD. AlrdichJ. AndersonG. AtmaramM. AzzamJ. CallS. ChalmersJ. ChamberlinR. DAielloR. DeBlasioJ. DrizosD. FederM. FlisR. HammondJ. HoffnerS. HoganW. KaszetaT. LundtveitK. Mac KamulE. MahonyJ. McDowallD. MeakinL. MeisnerM. MooreA. NilssonR. RiderT. RuhlmannM. RussellP.
20、RussellR. SchmitP. TaylorR. ThompsonS. VechyC. WhitakerJ. WilesJ. WohlgemuthJ. AndersonW. BowerK. DennisJ. DrizosB. FarmerS. HarringtonW. KaszetaD. LenskoldT. LundtveitD. MeakinP. RusselT. StrandR. AddissJ. AndersonG. AtmaramM. AzzamJ. CallS. ChalmersJ. ChamberlinR. DeBlasioJ. DrizosM. FlisR. Hammon
21、dJ. HoffnerS. HoganW. KaszetaK. MackamulJ. McDowallL. MeisnerA. NilssonR. RiderT. RuhlmannM. RussellP. RussellR. SchmitJ. SmythC. WhitakerJ. WilesJ. WohlgemuthivCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.The nal conditions for approval of this guide were met on 30 April 1998. This guide was conditiona
22、llyapproved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 19 March 1998, with the following membership:Richard J. Holleman,ChairDonald N. Heirman,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusYvette Ho SangIEEE Standards Project EditorNational Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the Nat
23、ional Fire Protection Association, Inc.National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are both registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Satish K. AggarwalClyde R. CampJames T. CarloGary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinJay Forster*Thomas F. GarrityRub
24、en D. GarzonJames H. GurneyJim D. IsaakLowell G. JohnsonRobert KennellyE. G. Al KienerJoseph L. Koepnger*Stephen R. LambertJim LogothetisDonald C. LoughryL. Bruce McClungLouis-Franois PauRonald C. PetersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyGary S. RobinsonHans E. WeinrichDonald W. ZipseCopyright 1998 IE
25、EE. All rights reserved.vContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 21.2 Purpose. 21.3 Limitations . 22. References 23. Definitions 34. System types 35. Wiring 55.1 PV module . 65.2 Balance of systems wiring . 95.3 Battery-to-inverter wiring 106. Overcurrent protection. 116.1 Overloads and short circuits. 116.2
26、 Device types. 116.3 Module conductors. 126.4 Battery conductors . 136.5 Branch circuits . 146.6 Direct-connected systems 147. Disconnects 147.1 Location . 147.2 Ratings . 157.3 Switches . 157.4 Circuit breakers 158. Grounding 158.1 Equipment grounding. 168.2 System grounding 168.3 Auxiliary equipme
27、nt 168.4 Ground-fault equipment. 169. Surge and transient suppression. 1710. Diodes 1711. Instrumentation 18Annex A (informative) System types 19Annex B (informative) Module wiringampacity and temperature considerations 22viCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.Annex C (informative) Cable and dev
28、ice ratings at high voltages 27Annex D (informative) Battery-to-inverter cablesampacity and deratings 31Annex E (informative) Overcurrent devices for module wiring 34Annex F (informative) Disconnecting deviceslocations 37Annex G (informative) Grounding details. 41Annex H (informative) Grounding prob
29、lems and solutions 44Annex I (informative) Battery connections . 47Annex J (informative) Battery safety considerations. 50Annex K (informative) Surge and transient protection 53Annex L (informative) References to the NEC . 56Annex M (informative) Bibliography 58IEEEPHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM SAFETY S
30、td 1374-1998Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.7IEEE Guide for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power System Safety1. OverviewPhotovoltaic (PV) power systems are being installed in ever increasing numbers in areas that are accessibleto the general public. This is in contrast to earlier PV systems, whi
31、ch were installed as demonstration sys-tems in limited access areas. Safety is an issue that is coming to the forefront as PV systems proliferate intonearly every area of the U.S. More than 100 000 residential PV systems have been installed as have countlessthousands of other stand-alone PV systems
32、in both remote and urban locations. PV electrical power systems,like all other electrical power systems, should be designed, specied, and installed in a manner that ensuresthe safety of the user, the equipment, the facility, and anyone who may come in contact with the system.PV systems as dc power s
33、ources have unique electrical characteristics that are not common in other electri-cal power systems and are, therefore, unfamiliar to the average contractor (including electricians and install-ers). These systems have current-limited PV generating sources that are energized when exposed to light.Th
34、ey may employ large banks of batteries, and they may have more than one source of energy.The requirements for installing conventional (non-PV) electrical power systems are detailed and complex.Codes and common practices in the U.S., as well as standardized equipment, have evolved over the last100 ye
35、ars. Safety-related problems that have occurred have been solved and integrated into the industrypractices that are familiar to electricians, contractors, and electrical inspectors. Most, if not all, of thesepractices and requirements are applicable to PV installations.Electrical power systems are g
36、enerally installed by electrical contractors. Contractors employ electricianswho are familiar with common ac electrical installation practices required by national and local electricalcodes. PV system engineers who are not contractors frequently do not have detailed knowledge of thesecodes or the re
37、quired practices for the proper installation of safe electrical systems. A team consisting ofindividuals from both disciplines has proven effective in achieving safety in PV systems.PV power system engineers have a wide range of utility-grade, industrial, commercial, and special-purposecables, overc
38、urrent devices, disconnects, power conditioners, modules, and other optional equipment tochoose from in the design and installation of electrically safe systems. The details of selection and applica-tion of the available equipment covered in this guide are generally not covered in other existing sta
39、ndards.IEEEStd 1374-1998 IEEE GUIDE FOR TERRESTRIAL8Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.1.1 ScopeThis guide addresses the design, equipment applicability, and hardware installation of electrically safe,stand-alone, and grid-connected PV power systems operating at less than 50 kW output. It disc
40、usses storagebatteries and other generating equipment only in brief. This guide is PV-specic and is based on good engi-neering practices specic to the U.S.1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to describe PV-specic topics or components relating to the design and installa-tion of PV power systems t
41、hat affect safety and to suggest good engineering safety practices for PV electri-cal balance of system design, equipment selection, and hardware installation. The areas to be emphasized arethose PV-unique electrical power areas that would be of value to a team consisting of a PV engineer workingwit
42、h an electrical contractor, or a person with signicant experience in both areas.1.3 LimitationsThis guide is PV specic and is not intended to be all inclusive of the entire spectrum of safety requirements.Some of the recommended safe practices given in this guide may not fully comply with the requir
43、ements oflocal jurisdictions. In those cases, the local requirements take precedence over any national codes or thematerial found in this guide.2. ReferencesThis guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. When the following standards aresuperseded by an approved revision, th
44、e revision shall apply.Accredited Standards Committee C2-1997, National Electrical Safety Code (NESC).1IEEE Std 928-1986 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Recommended Criteria for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power Systems.2IEEE Std 929-1988 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Residential
45、andIntermediate Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.IEEE Std 937-1987 (Reaff 1993), IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.NFPA 70-1996, National Electrical Code(NEC).3UL 1703-1993, Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels.41This publi
46、cation is available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ08855-1331, USA (www.standards.ieee.org/).2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,
47、NJ 08855-1331, USA (www.standards.ieee.org/).3The NEC is available from Publications Sales, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA02269, USA (www.nfpa.org/). It is also available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane,
48、P.O. Box1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (www.standards.ieee.org/).4UL standards are available from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA ( POWER SYSTEM SAFETY Std 1374-1998Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.93. DenitionsFor the purposes of this guide, t
49、he following denition applies:3.1 hybrid PV system:A PV system connected to one or more sources of nonrenewable energy such as anengine-driven generator, or connected to another source of renewable energy such as a wind turbine.Additional denitions of terms used in this guide may be found in the following documents:IEEE Std 100-1996, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.IEEE Std 928-1986 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Recommended Criteria for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Power Systems.NFPA 70-1996, Nationa
