1、g44g40g40g40g3g54g87g71g3g20g23g24g28g140g16g21g19g20g19g44g40g40g40g3g54g87g71g3g20g23g24g28g16g21g19g19g19g12g3g44g40g40g40g3g54g87g68g81g71g68g85g71g3g39g72g191g81g76g87g76g82g81g86g3g73g82g85g3g87g75g72g3g48g72g68g86g88g85g72g80g72g81g87g3g82g73g3g40g79g72g70g87g85g76g70g3g51g82g90g72g85g3g52g88
2、g68g81g87g76g87g76g72g86g3g56g81g71g72g85g3g54g76g81g88g86g82g76g71g68g79g15g3g49g82g81g86g76g81g88g86g82g76g71g68g79g15g3g37g68g79g68g81g70g72g71g15g3g82g85g3g56g81g69g68g79g68g81g70g72g71g3g38g82g81g71g76g87g76g82g81g86g44g40g40g40g3g51g82g90g72g85g3g9g3g40g81g72g85g74g92g3g54g82g70g76g72g87g92g3g
3、54g83g82g81g86g82g85g72g71g3g69g92g3g87g75g72g51g82g90g72g85g3g54g92g86g87g72g80g3g44g81g86g87g85g88g80g72g81g87g68g87g76g82g81g3g68g81g71g3g48g72g68g86g88g85g72g80g72g81g87g86g3g38g82g80g80g76g87g87g72g72g44g40g40g40g22g3g51g68g85g78g3g36g89g72g81g88g72g3g49g72g90g3g60g82g85g78g15g3g49g60g3g20g19g1
4、9g20g25g16g24g28g28g26g15g3g56g54g36g3g3g20g28g3g48g68g85g70g75g3g21g19g20g19g20g23g24g28g55g48(Revision ofIEEE Std 1459TM-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 1459-2000) IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditi
5、ons Sponsor Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Committee of the IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. I
6、ntroduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1459-2010, IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions. The definitions for active, reactive, and apparent powers that are currently used are based
7、 on the knowledge developed and agreed on during the 1940s. Such definitions served the industry well, as long as the current and voltage waveforms remained nearly sinusoidal. Important changes have occurred in the last 50 years. The new environment is conditioned by the following facts: a) Power el
8、ectronics equipment, such as Adjustable Speed Drives, Controlled Rectifiers, Cycloconverters, Electronically Ballasted Lamps, Arc and Induction Furnaces, and clusters of Personal Computers, represent major nonlinear and parametric loads proliferating among industrial and commercial customers. Such l
9、oads have the potential to create a host of disturbances for the utility and the end-users equipment. The main problems stem from the flow of nonactive energy caused by harmonic currents and voltages. b) New definitions of powers have been discussed in the last 30 years in the engineering literature
10、 (Filipski and Labaj B9a). The mechanism of electric energy flow for nonsinusoidal and/or unbalanced conditions is well understood today. c) The traditional instrumentation designed for the sinusoidal 60/50 Hz waveform is prone to significant errors when the current and the voltage waveforms are dis
11、torted (Filipski and Labaj B9). d) Microprocessors and minicomputers enable todays manufacturers of electrical instruments to construct new, accurate, and versatile metering equipment that is capable of measuring electrical quantities defined by means of advanced mathematical models. e) There is a n
12、eed to quantify correctly the distortions caused by the nonlinear and parametric loads, and to apply a fair distribution of the financial burden required to maintain the quality of electric service. This standard lists new definitions of powers needed for the following particular situations: When th
13、e voltage and current waveforms are nonsinusoidal When the load is unbalanced or the supplying voltages are asymmetrical When the energy dissipated in the neutral path due to zero-sequence current components has economical significance The new definitions were developed to give guidance with respect
14、 to the quantities that should be measured or monitored for revenue purposes, engineering economic decisions, and determination of major harmonic polluters. The following important electrical quantities are recognized by this standard: The power frequency (60/50 Hz or fundamental) of apparent, activ
15、e, and reactive powers. These three basic quantities are the quintessence of the power flow in electric networks. They define what is generated, transmitted, distributed, and sold by the electric utilities and bought by the end users. This is the electric energy transmitted by the 60/50 Hz electroma
16、gnetic field. In poly-phase systems, the power frequency positive-sequence powers are the important dominant quantities. The power frequency positive-sequence power factor is a key value that helps determine and adjust the flow of power frequency positive-sequence reactive power. The aThe numbers in
17、 brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex C. v Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. fundamental positive-sequence reactive power is of utmost importance in power systems; it governs the fundamental voltage magnitude and its distribution along the feeders and affects electromech
18、anical stability as well as the energy loss. The effective apparent power in three-phase systems is eeeIVS 3= , where eV and eI are the equivalent voltage and current. In sinusoidal and balanced situations, Seis equal to the conventional apparent power IVIVSn AAA33 = , where nVAand AAV are the line-
19、to-neutral and the line-to-line voltage, respectively. For sinusoidal unbalanced or for nonsinusoidal balanced or unbalanced situations, Seallows rational and correct computation of the power factor. This quantity was proposed in 1922 by the German engineer Buchholz B1 and in 1933 was explained by t
20、he American engineer Goodhue B11. The non-60 Hz or nonfundamental apparent power is SN(for brevity, 50 Hz power is not always mentioned). This power quantifies the overall amount of harmonic pollution delivered or absorbed by a load. It also quantifies the required capacity of dynamic compensators o
21、r active filters when used for nonfundamental compensation alone. Current distortion power DIidentifies the segment of nonfundamental nonactive power due to current distortion. This is usually the dominant component of SN. Voltage distortion power DVseparates the nonfundamental nonactive power compo
22、nent due to voltage distortion. Apparent harmonic power SHindicates the level of apparent power due to harmonic voltages and currents alone. This is the smallest component of SNand includes the harmonic active power PH. To avoid confusion, it was decided not to add new units. The use of the watts (W
23、) for instantaneous and active powers, volt-amperes (VA) for apparent powers, and (var) for all the nonactive powers maintains the distinct separation among these three major types of powers. There is not yet available a generalized power theory that can provide a simultaneous common base for Energy
24、 billing Evaluation of electric energy quality Detection of the major sources of waveform distortion Theoretical calculations for the design of mitigation equipment such as active filters or dynamic compensators This standard is meant to provide definitions extended from the well-established concept
25、s. It is meant to serve the user who wants to measure and design instrumentation for energy and power quantification. It is not meant to help in the design of real-time control of dynamic compensators or for diagnosis instrumentation used to pinpoint to a specific type of annoying event or harmonic.
26、 These definitions are meant to serve as a guideline and as a useful benchmark for future developments. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any a
27、pplicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory vi Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with
28、applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, stan
29、dardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware th
30、at these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments,
31、 corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or con
32、tact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: h
33、ttp:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the p
34、ossibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essent
35、ial Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reas
36、onable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vii Copyrigh
37、t 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this standard was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Non-Sinusoidal Situations Working Group had the following membership: Alexander E. Emanuel, Chair Eddy So, Sponsor Jose Policarpo Abreu Rejean Arseneau Santiago Bar
38、con Andrew Berrisford Yahia Baghzouz Keneth B. Bowes James A. Braun Antonio Cataliotti David Cooper Valentina Cosentino Mikey D. Cox Roger H. Daugherty Soni Devendra Dario Di Cara William Dickerson Alexander Domijan David Elmore Gaetan Ethier Erich Gunther Dennis Hansen Ernst Hanique Gilbert C. Hens
39、ley John Houdek Roberto Langella Michael Lowenstein William Moncrief Alexander McEachern Dalgerti Milanez Thomas L. Nelson Vuong Nguyen Daniel Nordell Salvatore Nuccio Slobodan Pajic Lorenzo Peretto Johan H. C. Pretorius Paulo Ribeiro Daniel Sabin Kalyan Sen Piet H. Swart Donald Tandon Alfredo Testa
40、 Grazia Todeschini Daniel Ward Scott Weikel Stephan Weiss Douglas Williams Jacques L. Willems Daan van Wyk The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Ali Al Awazi David Bar
41、on Steven Brockschink William Brumsickle Gustavo Brunello Yunxiang Chen John Cooper Tommy Cooper John Crouse Roger H. Daugherty Gary L. Donner Neal Dowling Dana Dufield Gearold O. H. Eidhin Alexander E. Emanuel Gary Engmann Paul Forquer Marcel Fortin Randall Groves Gary Heuston Werner Hoelzl Randy H
42、orton Innocent Kamwa Piotr Karocki Jon Kay Tanuj Khandelwal Yuri Khersonsky Harold Kirkham Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Federico Lopez Michael Lowenstein Keith Malmedal Jose Marrero Kenneth Martin William McBride Kenneth Mcclenahan Gary Michel Charles Morse Jerry Murphy Bruce Muschlitz Michael
43、 S. Newman David Nichols Ulrich Pohl Iulian Profir Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Bob Saint Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Thomas Schossig Kenneth Sedziol Ahmed El Serafi James E. Smith Aaron Snyder Eddy So Michael Swearingen David Tepen John Vergis Scott Weikel James Wilson Ahmed Zobaa viii Copyright 2
44、010 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 2 February 2010, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Tom A. Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary John Barr Karen Bartelson Victor Berman Ted Burse Richard D
45、eBlasio Andrew Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman James Hughes Richard H. Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Ted Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting
46、IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Howard L. Wolfman, TAB Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Lorraine Patsco IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development ix
47、Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 3.1 Single phase. 2 3.2 Three-phase systems 13 Annex A (informative) Theoretical examples 30 Annex B (informative) Practical studies and measurements: A detailed ex
48、planation of apparent power components. 34 Annex C (informative) Bibliography 39 1 Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard
49、is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning
