1、Designation: E1444/E1444M 161Standard Practice forMagnetic Particle Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1444/E1444M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTESummary of Changes updated editorially in July 2016.1. Scope*1.1 Thi
3、s practice establishes minimum requirements formagnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface orslightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material.Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as atutorial.NOTE 1This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.1.2 The magnetic
4、particle testing method is used to detectcracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on ornear the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particletesting may be applied to raw material, billets, finished andsemi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magneticparticle t
5、esting is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metalsand alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1for additional information.1.3 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreementbetween the Cognizant Engineering Organization and thesupplier, or specific direction from the Cognizan
6、t EngineeringOrganization.1.4 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM stan-dard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units areincluded in the same standard, with each system of units to beregarded separately as standard.1.4.1 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound uni
7、ts are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to addre
8、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a
9、part of this standardpractice to the extent specified herein.2.2 ASTM Standards:2A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination ofSteel ForgingsA456/A456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-tion of Large Crankshaft ForgingsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTest
10、ingE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2297 Guide for Use of UV-AandVisible Light Sources andMeters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic ParticleMethodsE3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-tics and Requirements for LED UV-A
11、 Lamps Used inFluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing2.3 ASNT Documents:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice No. “Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of NDT Personnel2.4 Society of Automotive Engine
12、ers (SAE)-AMSDocuments:4,5AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2
13、016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1444 - 12. DOI:10.1520/E1444_E1444M-161.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
14、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required byma
15、nufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained fromthe contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the e
16、nd of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1AMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, DryMethodAMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-UseAMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Non
17、fluorescent, WetMethod, Dry PowderAMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Dry PowderAMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-UseAMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent
18、, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged5AMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS 5355 Investment CastingsAMS I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic RubberAMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection ofAS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for
19、 Aqueous MagneticParticle InspectionAS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic ParticleInspectionAS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for MagneticParticle Inspection2.5 Federal Standards:4,6FED-STD-313 Material Safety Data Sheets, Preparation andthe Submission ofFED-STD-595 Colors2.6 Militar
20、y Standards:4,6MIL-STD 45562A Calibration Systems RequirementsA-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension2.7 OSHA Document:729 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.8 ANSI Document:4,8ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1 General Requirement for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring Test Equipment2.9 ISO Do
21、cument:ISO 10012-1 Measurement Management SystemsRequirements for Measurement Processes and MeasuringEquipment92.10 AIA Document:NAS 410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-structive Test Personnel102.11 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the edi-tions of the documents that are DoD ad
22、opted are those listed inthe issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index ofSpecifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.12 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the referenced documents citedherein, the text of this practice takes preceden
23、ce.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions relating to magnetic par-ticle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 Description of ProcessMagnetic particle testing con-sists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applyi
24、ng suitablyprepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, andsubsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particleaccumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the dis-continuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to themagnetic flux.4.2 This practice establishes
25、the basic parameters for con-trolling the application of the magnetic particle testing method.This practice is written so that it can be specified on theengineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not adetailed how-to procedure to be used by the examinationpersonnel and, therefore, must b
26、e supplemented by a detailedwritten procedure that conforms to the requirements of thispractice.5. General Practice5.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified andcertified in accordance withASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A,
27、ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or asspecified in the contract or purchase order.5.2 Agency QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated asdescribed in E543. The applicable edition of E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.5.3
28、Written ProcedureMagnetic particle testing shall beperformed in accordance with a written procedure applicable tothe part or group of parts under examination. The procedureshall be in accordance with the requirements of this Practice.The process, when conducted in accordance with the writtenprocedur
29、e, shall be capable of detecting discontinuities speci-fied in the acceptance criteria. The written procedure may begeneral if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts beingexamined and meets the requirements of this practice. Allwritten procedures, including technique sheets for specificpar
30、ts, shall be approved by an individual qualified and certifiedat Level III for magnetic particle testing in accordance with therequirements of 5.1. Procedures shall be submitted to theCognizant Engineering Organization for review, or approval,or both, when requested.6Available from Standardization D
31、ocuments Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.7Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.8Available from
32、National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th St.Suite 305b, Boulder, CO. 80301.9Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.10Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica
33、, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.E1444/E1444M 16125.3.1 Elements of the Written ProcedureThe written pro-cedure shall include at least the following elements, eitherdirectly or by reference to the applicable documents:5.3.1.1 Procedure i
34、dentification number and the date it waswritten;5.3.1.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedureapplies; this shall include the material, or alloy, or both;5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particletesting as related to manufacturing process operation (forexample, post pla
35、ting, after heat treat, etc.);5.3.1.4 Identification of test parts used for system perfor-mance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2);5.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1);5.3.1.6 Areas of the part to be examined;5.3.1.7 Part preparation required before examination;5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning t
36、he item with respect tothe magnetizing equipment;5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipmentto be used;5.3.1.10 Method of establishing the magnetization (head,coil, prods, yoke, cable wrap, etc.);5.3.1.11 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order inwhich they are applied, and a
37、ny demagnetization procedures tobe used between shots;5.3.1.12 The current level, or the number of ampere turns, tobe used and the duration of its application;5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material (dry or wet,visible or fluorescent, etc.) to be used and the method andequipment to be used for i
38、ts application and, for the case of wetparticles, the particle concentration limits;5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts afterexamination;5.3.1.15 Acceptance requirements, to be used for evaluatingindications and disposition of parts after evaluation; and5.3.1.16 Post-examination dem
39、agnetization and cleaning re-quirements.5.4 Examination SequencePerform magnetic particle ex-amination after all operations which might cause or revealdiscontinuities. Such operations include, but are not limited to,forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding,grinding, straightening, ma
40、chining, and proof loading.5.4.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shotpeening (to provide a beneficial compressive layer) and prior toapplying protective finishes such as priming, painting, plating(see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.5) or other coatings.5.4.2 In-process examinations may not be su
41、bstituted forfinal examination.5.4.3 Plating and CoatingsExamine parts which willreceive either a plating or coating as follows:5.4.3.1 Examination is required prior to all non-electroplated coatings.5.4.3.2 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thicknessof 0.0008 in. 0.02 mm or less shall be
42、examined either beforeor after electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplatedsurfaces.5.4.3.3 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thicknessof between 0.0008 in. 0.02 mm and 0.0050 in. 0.13 mmshall be examined both before and after electroplating, orgrinding, or both, of electroplated
43、 surfaces.(1) Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of0.0050 in. 0.13 mm or greater shall be examined beforeelectroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.(2) Magnetic particle examination after electroplating isnot required for steels with a tensile strength less th
44、an or equalto 160 ksi.5.4.3.4 Use caution when examining parts with an electro-plated nickel coating as indications may form from theresulting leakage fields within the nickel plating itself.5.4.3.5 For in-service examination, plating or coatings donot require removal prior to examination unless the
45、y aredamaged, or they interfere with the examination process.5.5 Materials:5.5.1 Dry Particle RequirementsDry particles shall meetthe requirements of AMS 3040.TABLE 1 Required Verification IntervalsItem Maximum TimeBetween VerificationAParagraphLighting:BVisible light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.1Ambient
46、 light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.2Black light intensity Daily 7.3.2, 7.4.5Battery powered blacklight intensity checkBefore and after each use 7.4.5.2Black light integrity Weekly 7.3.2System Performance:BDaily 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2Wet particle concentration 8 hours, or every shift change 7.2.1.1Wet particle
47、 contamination:B1 week 7.2.1.2Water break test Daily 7.2.2Equipment calibration check:BAmmeter accuracy 6 months 7.4.1Timer control 6 months 7.4.2Quick break 6 months 7.4.3Yoke dead weight check 6 months 7.4.4Black and white light meters 6 months 7.4.7Gaussmeter or Field Indicator accuracy 6 months
48、7.4.6AWhen the test system is in operation.BThe maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliability data.E1444/E1444M 16135.5.2 Wet Particle RequirementsWet particles shall meetthe requirements of AMS 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, or3046,
49、as applicable.5.5.3 Suspension VehiclesThe suspension vehicle for thewet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming toAMS 2641 (Type I) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditionedwater that conforms to the requirements of 5.5.4. Whenapproved by the contracting agency, AMS 2641 (Type II) maybe used. When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meetthe salient characteristics specified in A-A-59230.5.5.4 Conditioned Water VehicleWhen water is used as asuspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioningagents used shall comply w
