1、 IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measurements Sponsored by the Antenna Standards Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 5 December 2012 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society IEEE Std 1720-2012 IEEE Std 1720-2012 IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Meas
2、urements Sponsor Antenna Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Approved 20 August 2012 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Near-field test practices for the measurement of antenna properties are described in this document and near-field measurement practices for the three pr
3、incipal geometries: cylindrical, planar, and spherical are recommended. Measurement practices for the calibration of probes used as reference antennas in near-field measurements are also recommended. Keywords: antenna measurements, antenna near-field measurements, cylindrical near-field measurements
4、, IEEE 1720, near-field measurements, planar near-field measurements, probe calibrations, spherical near-field measurements The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2012 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
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18、ingement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Participants At the time this IEEE recommended practice was completed, the Near-Field Antenna Measurements Working Grou
19、p had the following membership: Michael H. Francis, Chair Lars Jacob Foged, Secretary Donald Bodnar Martin Boettcher John Cable Francesco DAgostino Justin Dobbins Jeffrey Fordham Dayel Garneski Claudio Gennarelli Jeffrey Guerrieri Doren Hess Kevin Higgins Daniel Janse van Rensburg Frank Jensen Edwar
20、d Joy Gerard Matyas Scott McBride Josef Migl Zachary Newbold Allen Newell Sergey Pivnenko Yahya Rahmat-Samii Carlo Rizzo Luis Rolo Luca Salghetti-Drioli Manuel Sierra-Castaer Leili Shafai Hans Steiner Ivan Stonich Hulean Tyler Jeffrey Way Mark Winebrand Ronald Wittmann During preparation of this rec
21、ommended practice, the following people made substantial contributions: Aksel Frandsen Shantnu Mishra Giovanni Riccio The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William Byrd Keith
22、Chow Justin Dobbins Carlo Donati Lars Foged Jeffrey Fordham Michael Francis Avraham Freedman Randall Groves Timothy Harrington Doren Hess Werner Hoelzl Efthymios Karabetsos Greg Luri Ahmad Mahinfallah Wayne Manges Edward McCall Michael S. Newman Nick S. A. Nikjoo Satoshi Oyama R. K. Rannow Robert Ro
23、binson Bartien Sayogo Gil Shultz Thomas Starai Walter Struppler John Vergis Jeffrey Way Mark Winebrand Ronald Wittmann Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 20 August 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hule
24、tt, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alex Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thom
25、as Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan*Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Patrick Gibbons IEEE
26、 Standards Program Manager, Document Development Michael Kipness IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1720TM-2012, IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measureme
27、nts. When IEEE Std 149TM-1979 (IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas) was first developed, near-field antenna measurement was in its infancy. In the mid-1980s, the use of near-field methods for measuring antennas started becoming more widespread, especially for testing communication satellite a
28、ntennas. Today, more than 200 facilities worldwide employ near-field methods for measuring antenna parameters. Many believe the time had come to develop a set of recommended practices for these measurements. This document lays out recommended practices for near-field measurements for the three princ
29、ipal geometries: cylindrical, planar, and spherical. It also indicates recommended measurement practices for the calibration of probes used as reference antennas in near-field measurements. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. ix Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative r
30、eferences 2 3. Background 2 3.1 Antenna patterns 2 3.2 Basic near-field measurement theory 4 3.3 Far-field versus near-field measurements 6 3.4 Executive summary . 6 4. Measurements systems . 7 4.1 Mechanical scanning subsystems 7 4.2 Typical RF subsystem.11 4.3 Typical data collection subsystem 12
31、4.4 Data processing.14 4.5 Measurement accuracy .14 4.6 Correction schemes .17 5. Planar near-field scanning measurements .20 5.1 Introduction 20 5.2 Summary of theory .22 5.3 Implementation .24 6. Cylindrical near-field scanning measurements 34 6.1 Introduction 34 6.2 Summary of the basic theory 34
32、 6.3 Implementation .37 7. Spherical near-field scanning 40 7.1 Introduction 40 7.2 Summary of spherical near-field theory .40 7.3 Implementation .45 8. Probes 52 8.1 Probe properties 53 8.2 Description and classification of probe antennas 55 8.3 Probe parameters 58 8.4 Probe characterization 58 8.5
33、 Probe arrays 59 9. Uncertainty analysis 62 9.1 Introduction 62 9.2 Initial system adjustment and tests .65 9.3 Methods for estimating and expressing uncertainties of individual terms 65 9.4 Methods of evaluation of each term for planar, cylindrical, and spherical near-field measurements .66 9.5 Com
34、bining uncertainties .78 10. Special topics .78 10.1 Effective isotropic radiated power 78 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. x 10.2 Saturating flux density 79 10.3 Pulsed-mode measurement techniques .79 10.4 Phase retrieval methods 80 10.5 Back projections .80 10.6 Probe-position correction
35、81 10.7 Truncation mitigation .82 10.8 Time gating in near-field antenna measurements .82 11. Summary .82 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 83 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measurements IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not
36、 intended to ensure safety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interferenc
37、e protection practices and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or
38、“Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This document describes near-field test practices for the measurement of antenna properties. It provides inf
39、ormation on developments in near-field measurements that have occurred since the writing of IEEE Std 149-1979 (IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas). This document recommends near-field measurement practices for the three principal geometries: cylindrical, planar, and spherical, and also recom
40、mends measurement practices for the calibration of probes used as reference antennas in near-field measurements. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this recommended practice document is to provide practical guidance to those who are planning to do near-field measurements. This document also specifies capabi
41、lities required of a near-field measurement system. IEEE Std 1720-2012 IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measurements Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., th
42、ey must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) appli
43、es. IEEE Std 145, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas.1,2IEEE Std 149, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, “Special Issue on Near-Field Scanning Techniques,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 727901, 1988. 3.
44、 Background 3.1 Antenna patterns We consider an ( )tiexp time dependence with frequency )2/( =f , wave number /2=k , and wavelength . Note that modern receivers generally use the ( )exp jt+time dependence. However much of the early theory and current software uses the ( )tiexp convention. The practi
45、tioner needs to be aware of the potential conflict. A minus sign needs to be added to the phase of a receiver using the +jt convention to get the proper result from software using the it convention. Sufficiently distant from a radiating antenna, the electric field is transverse and is given by the e
46、xpression 0)(exp)()( aikrikrrtrtrE(1) () 0=rt r . (2) In any direction, the transmitting function ()tr is characterized by amplitude and phase (or real and imaginary part) and complex polarization. Equation (1) embodies the linear relation between the radiated field and the excitation0a . The power
47、accepted by the transmitting antenna is 2201 0(1 | | ) | |tPK a= , (3) where t is the impedance reflection coefficient, looking into the transmitting antenna 1K is an arbitrary constant. 1The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Elec
48、tronics Engineers, Inc. 2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http:/standards.ieee.org/). IEEE Std 1720-2012 IEEE Recommended Practice for Near-Field Antenna Measurements Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3 Once 1K is fixed, 0P determine
49、s 0a , and hence )(rt , up to an arbitrary (and unimportant) overall phase factor. A common rule of thumb states that Equation (1) is valid in the far-field region frr (e.g., IEEE Std 145, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas) where 22 ,10 , 10 ,fDr D or (4) whichever is greatest. D is the diameter of the smallest sphere that encloses the radiating parts of the antenna. Larger values of frmay be needed depending on antenna type or accuracy requirements. Consider an incident plane wave )exp(2)(0rkErE = ii(5) 00=Ek
