1、 Reference number ISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12637-2 First edition 2008-12-15 Graphic technology Vocabulary Part 2: Prepress terms Technologie graphique Vocabulaire Partie 2: Termes de primpression ISO 12637-2:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded type
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6、O copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope. 1 2
7、 Terms and definitions. 1 Bibliography . 15 ISO 12637-2:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carri
8、ed out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. I
9、SO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internati
10、onal Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the el
11、ements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 12637-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology. ISO 12637 consists of the following parts, under the general title Graphic tec
12、hnology Vocabulary: Part 1: Fundamental terms Part 2: Prepress terms Part 3: Printing terms Part 4: Postpress terms Part 5: Screen printing terms ISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction Documentation gives rise to numerous international exchanges of both intellectual and mate
13、rial nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great variety of terms used in various fields or languages to express the same concept, or because of the absence of, or the imprecision of, useful concepts. To avoid misunderstandings due to this situation and to facilitate
14、such exchanges, it is advisable to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express the same concept, and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the various terms in different languages. This part of ISO 12637 contains terms and definitions ass
15、ociated with the prepress stage of printing. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Graphic technology Vocabulary Part 2: Prepress terms 1 Scope This part of ISO 12637 defines a set of prepress terms which may be used in the drafting of other International Standard
16、s for graphic technology. In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the definitions are worded so as to avoid, where possible, any peculiarity attached to one language. 2 Terms and definitions 2.1 aliasing jagged or staircase effect in a raster image, caused by an insufficient n
17、umber of image elements NOTE See also ISO 12651:1999, definition 4.38. 2.2 assembly placing digital, film or paper elements together in order on a suitable substrate or file NOTE See also ISO 12637-1:2006, definitions 2 and 3. 2.3 bit-mapped image image represented by an array of picture elements, e
18、ach of which is encoded as a single binary element NOTE 1 See also ISO 12651:1999, definition 4.02. NOTE 2 This is representation of characters or graphics by individual pixels, or points of colour/no-colour arranged in a row and column order (analogous to a graph paper grid). Each pixel is represen
19、ted by either one bit (black and white printing) or up to 32 bits (higher quality colour printing). Physically the bit map exists only as digital information in the computer memory until transformed into an image on a monitor or print output device. 2.4 bleed additional printing area outside the nom
20、inal printing area necessary for the allowance of mechanical tolerance in the trimming process ISO 15930-3:2002, definition 3.1 2.5 blind exchange exchange of compound entities that requires no exchange of technical information between sender and receiver in order to render the printed page as inten
21、ded by the sender ISO 12637-2:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved2.6 colour electronic prepress system CEPS electronic, computer-based, image manipulation system used to prepare digital data files of material for graphic arts printing production NOTE This term is used by the printing industry to
22、describe a class of equipment, used from 1980 to approximately 1995, which ushered in the electronic revolution in the printing and publishing industry. 2.7 characterization relationship between input/output device-dependent and device-independent values 2.8 characterized printing condition characte
23、rization of tone values in relation to colour definition in the various printing processes 2.9 choke process whereby background colour is expanded to overlap image perimeter to ensure that there is no visible gap between the two NOTE See also trapping (2.138). 2.10 chromaticity diagram graphical rep
24、resentation of two of the three dimensions of colour 2.11 CIE chromaticity coordinates trichromatic coefficients ratios of each of the tristimulus values of a colour to the sum of the tristimulus values NOTE In CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage) systems, these coordinates are designated X
25、, Y and Z. See also CIE chromaticity diagram (2.12). 2.12 CIE chromaticity diagram two-dimensional diagram representing visible colours in terms of the CIE chromaticity coordinates, which are derived from the standard 1931 CIE XYZ tristimulus values 2.13 CIELAB colour space rectangular opponent-type
26、 colour space derived from non-linear transformations of the 1931 CIE XYZ system and expressed by the colour coordinates L*, a*, b* approximately uniform with respect to colour differences, where L* represents relative lightness, a* represents redness or greenness and b* represents yellowness or blu
27、eness 2.14 CIELUV colour space rectangular opponent-type colour space derived from non-linear transformations of the 1931 CIE XYZ system expressed by the colour coordinates L*, u*, v* approximately uniform with respect to the perception of colour differences, where L* represents relative lightness,
28、u* represents redness or greenness, and v* represents yellowness or blueness 2.15 CIE standard illuminants illuminants A, D50, D65, etc., defined by the CIE in terms of relative spectral power distribution ISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 2.16 CIEXYZ tristimulus values values of x,
29、 y, z components of a colour obtained by multiplying the relative power of a CIE standard illuminant, the reflectance or transmittance of the object, and the CIE standard observer functions x , y and z 2.17 CMYK abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and black process colours 2.18 colorimeter instru
30、ment for measuring colour values, such as the tristimulus values of a colour stimulus 2.19 colour characterization target standard colour reference used for establishing the relationship between a printed image and the input values of that image 2.20 colour correction photographic, electronic or man
31、ual procedure used to enhance original colour and to compensate for the deficiencies of the process inks, colour separation and defects in the original 2.21 colour difference distinction between two colours observed or measured under standard conditions 2.22 colour encoding generic term for a quanti
32、zed digital encoding of a colour space, encompassing both colour space encodings and colour image encodings ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.7 2.23 colour gamut solid in a colour space, consisting of all those colours that are either present in a specific scene, artwork, photograph, photomechanical or
33、 other reproduction; or capable of being created using a particular output device and/or medium ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.8 2.24 colour image encoding digital encoding of the colour values for a digital image, including the specification of a colour space encoding, together with any information
34、 necessary to properly interpret the colour values such as the image state, the intended image viewing environment and the reference medium ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.9 2.25 colour profile data file that provides colour management systems with the information necessary to convert colour data bet
35、ween native device colour spaces and device-independent colour spaces 2.26 colour rendering mapping of image data representing the colorimetric coordinates of the elements of a scene to output-referred image data representing the colorimetric coordinates of the elements of a reproduction NOTE Adapte
36、d from ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.11. ISO 12637-2:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved2.27 colour separation process act of separation by which a multi-coloured original is split into the separate colour files or films associated with the printing colorants for process colour printing 2.28 col
37、our separation product set of data files or films created by the process of colour separation (2.27) 2.29 colour sequence order in which the colours are stored in a data file 2.30 colour space geometric representation of colours in space, usually of three dimensions ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.13
38、 2.31 colour space encoding digital encoding of a colour space (2.30), including the specification of a digital encoding method, and an encoding range NOTE Adapted from ISO 22028-1:2004, definition 3.14. 2.32 colour value set of numeric values associated with each of the pixels in one of the colour
39、spaces 2.33 complementary colours two colours that, when mixed in appropriate ratios, produce an achromatic colour NOTE In graphic arts processes the complementary pairs are yellow and blue; magenta and green; cyan and red. 2.34 complete exchange exchange of compound entities in which all elements a
40、nd element resources are present as part of a single exchange and all of the information needed to process the composite entity is either in the composite entity or is specified within the applicable standard and its normative references ISO 15930-1:2001, definition 3.5 2.35 composite unit of work w
41、ith all text, graphics and image elements prepared for final print reproduction 2.36 compound entity unit of work with all text, graphic and image elements prepared for final print reproduction and that may represent a single page for printing, a portion of a page or a combination of pages ISO 15930
42、-1:2001, definition 3.6 2.37 continuous tone image that has not been screened and has infinite tone gradations between the lightest highlights and the deepest shadows ISO 12637-2:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 5 2.38 contrast image relationship or degree of tonal gradation between the lightest
43、 and darkest areas in an original or reproduction 2.39 control patch area produced for control measurement purposes ISO 12647-1:2004, definition 3.8 2.40 control strip array of control patches NOTE Adapted from ISO 12647-1:2004, definition 3.9. 2.41 copperplate engraving generic term of intaglio pri
44、nting where plate making occurs without using a photomechanical process NOTE An engraving process using steel instead of copper is known as steel plate engraving. 2.42 copy any graphic material provided for reproduction including text, images and line art 2.43 core density half-tone film transmittan
45、ce density in the centre of an isolated opaque image element such as a half-tone dot or line ISO 12647-1:2004, definition 3.10 2.44 CtP abbreviation for computer to plate, the method of making plates direct from digital data 2.45 density weight of tone or colour in any image, measurable by a densito
46、meter NOTE See also ISO 13656:2000, definition 3.6. 2.46 device-dependent colour space colour coordinates defined by the characteristics of an imaging device 2.47 device-independent colour space colour coordinate system defined in terms of the amounts of visual stimuli colour capabilities independen
47、t of the specific device characteristics 2.48 device link profile data file in a device-independent colour space which provides information necessary to convert colour data into a device-dependent colour space 2.49 digital proof soft or hard copy proof produced from digital data on a display or on a
48、 substrate ISO 12637-2:2008(E) 6 ISO 2008 All rights reserved2.50 dithering digital pixel averaging used to add detail or increase the tonal gradation by increasing the number of pixels within a cell 2.51 dot fringe soft edge occurring around a halftone dot that reduces contrast 2.52 dot percentage
49、percentage of an area covered by half-tone dots of each colour, ranging from 0 % to 100 % 2.53 doubling/slur patch control patch for assessing actual rolling conditions on press and for identifying press roller problems NOTE Adapted from ISO 13656:2000, definition 3.7. 2.54 em typographic measure, whose width is equal to the point size of the type in use, that serves as the base of the set-width horizontal spacing system 2.55 en typographic measure which is equal in width to half an em of t
