1、 Reference number ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10255 First edition 2009-11-15 Document management applications Optical disk storage technology, management and standards Applications de la gestion des documents Technologie de stockage sur disque optique, gestion et normes ISO/
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6、e address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009 All r
7、ights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Abbreviated terms.1 3 Optical storage concepts .5 3.1 General .5 3.2 On-line versus off-line storage 5 3.3 Data layout formats.6 3.4 Rotational models .6 3.5 Physically writing to the disk surface .6 4 Optical media .8 4.1 General
8、 .8 4.2 DVD technologies8 4.3 Blue-indigo laser technologies 8 4.4 Blu-ray Disc9 4.5 Ultra Density Optical (UDO)9 5 Optical device characteristics9 5.1 General .9 5.2 Readers / writers9 5.3 Multi-function drives .10 5.4 Jukeboxes/libraries.10 5.5 Software support for optical libraries .11 6 Implemen
9、tation strategies12 6.1 General .12 6.2 Relationships between applications and optical storage management12 6.3 Optical media interchange across environments 12 6.4 Rewritable and WORM support13 6.5 Operating system independence.13 6.6 Vendor independence.14 6.7 Massive volume support 14 6.8 Documen
10、t/records management concerns 14 7 Information management .15 7.1 Retention 15 7.2 Archival support 15 7.3 Deterioration 15 7.4 Migration 16 7.5 Disposal16 7.6 Legal admissibility concerns .16 7.7 Evolving technology and vendor support 17 8 Technical issues17 8.1 Optical storage device file structur
11、es .17 8.2 Periodic testing18 9 Optical disk standards18 Annex A (informative) Related International Standards .19 Bibliography24 ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodi
12、es (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations
13、, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the IS
14、O/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the
15、member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to
16、publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent r
17、ights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 10255 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 171, Document management applications, Subcommittee SC 2, Application issues. ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction This Technical
18、 Report specifies the recommendations and provides guidance for maintaining archival optical disk collections. The problem identified is one of systems becoming obsolete prior to the expiration of the useful life of the information. Additionally, technology is evolving so rapidly that the systems mi
19、ght be obsolete prior to the storage media reaching its life expectancy. These issues require a considerable amount of planning to occur in the initial stages of the development and implementation of imaging systems to provide a plan for migrating the information from a system utilizing obsolete tec
20、hnology to a system employing advanced technology. This planning is invaluable to the overall success of the system as the information itself might have a lifespan greater than the media and technology combined, resulting in inaccessibility. The purpose of this Technical Report is to recommend metho
21、dologies by which optical disk users can understand various optical disk issues, such as implementation, retention, obsolescence, and basic data management. In addition, this report provides information describing the differences between various optical components as well as some basic concepts that
22、 should be used when determining which optical solution best fits the users needs. A list of related standards is given in Annex A. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Document management applications Optical disk storage technology, management and standards 1 Scope T
23、his Technical Report gives recommendations and provides guidance for maintaining archival optical disk collections. It describes the various services that would be necessary for the management of an optical media-based system to ensure a successful implementation of this technology. This Technical R
24、eport also provides guidance in the maintenance of data residing on on-line, off-line, and near-line digital optical storage devices; establishes a plan to ensure the migration path of digital information from early and current technology and optical media to future technologies and media; provides
25、guidance for the short- and long-term effect of the finite life of digital optical storage devices. This Technical Report also describes all forms of optical disk media including write-once-read-many (WORM), magneto-optical (MO), compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) and newer technologies
26、. 2 Abbreviated terms 2.1 BD Blu-ray Disc 2.2 CAV constant angular velocity 2.3 CCS continuous composite servo 2.4 CCW continuous composite write-once 2.5 CD-DA compact disk-digital audio 2.6 CD-R compact disk-recordable ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved2.7 CD-ROM compact disk-read
27、 only memory 2.8 CD-RW compact disk-rewriteable 2.9 CD-I compact disk-interactive 2.10 CLV constant linear velocity 2.11 DBF discrete block format 2.12 DIF document interchange format 2.13 DVD digital versatile disk 2.14 DVD-Audio digital versatile disk-audio read only 2.15 DVD-R digital versatile d
28、isk-recordable NOTE One of three competing recordable DVD standards; the others are DVD+R(W) and DVD-RAM. 2.16 DVD+R digital versatile disk+recordable NOTE One of three competing recordable DVD standards; the others are DVD-R(W) and DVD-RAM. 2.17 DVD-RAM digital versatile disk-random access memory N
29、OTE One of three competing recordable DVD standards; the others are DVD-R(W) and DVD+R(W). 2.18 DVD-RW digital versatile disk-rewriteable NOTE One of three competing recordable DVD standards; the others are DVD+R(W) and DVD-RAM. 2.19 DVD+RW digital versatile disk+rewriteable NOTE One of three compet
30、ing recordable DVD standards; the others are DVD-R(W) and DVD-RAM. ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 32.20 DVD-ROM digital versatile disk-recorded optical media or read only memory 2.21 DVD-Video digital versatile disk-video 2.22 ECC error correcting coding 2.23 FAT file allocation t
31、able NOTE Originally developed for the MS-DOS operating system. 2.24 GIF graphics interchange format 2.25 HD-DVD high definition-digital versatile disk 2.26 HFS hierarchical file system NOTE Developed for the Apple Macintosh operating system. 2.27 HPFS high-performance file system NOTE Developed for
32、 the OS/2 operating system. 2.28 INCITS InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards 2.29 ISO International Organization for Standardization 2.30 IEC International Electrotechnical Commission NOTE Standards developed jointly between the IEC and the International Organization for Stan
33、dardization are given the designation ISO/IEC. 2.31 JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group NOTE Used to refer to both the International Standards Committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1) and the standard(s) they developed for coding and compression of still images. ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) 4 ISO 2009 All rig
34、hts reserved2.32 JTC 1 Joint Technical Committee 1 on Information Technology NOTE This is an International Standards development committee jointly operated by ISO and IEC. 2.33 LIMDOW light intensity modulated direct overwrite 2.34 MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group NOTE Used to refer to both the Int
35、ernational Standards Committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11) and the standard(s) they developed for video and audio encoding. 2.35 MO magneto-optical 2.36 NFS Network File System 2.37 NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology 2.38 NSR non-sequential recording for information interchange 2.39
36、 ODC optical disk cartridges 2.40 OSTA Optical Storage Technology Association 2.41 PCX PiCture eXchange NOTE A graphics file format. 2.42 PDD Professional Disk for DATA 2.43 RTF rich text format 2.44 TC Technical Committee NOTE A committee designated by ISO to develop International Standards in a pa
37、rticular area. ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 52.45 TIFF tagged image file format 2.46 UDO ultra density optical 2.47 UDF universal disc format 2.48 UNIX trademark used for a computer operating system 2.49 VTP variable track pitch 2.50 WAV waveform audio format 2.51 WORM write-onc
38、e-read-many 2.52 WORM/MO write-once-read-many/magneto-optical 3 Optical storage concepts 3.1 General Optical storage has been used for data storage for over 20 years. Data is recorded on reflective media using a laser-powered head. The preciseness of the laser and the properties of the media combine
39、 to allow data to be stored at very high densities. For example, the current generation of optical storage technology can store up to 8,5 GB of data on a 120 mm disk and up to 50 GB of data on a 130 mm disk. The steady increase of storage capacity on removable optical media enables organizations to
40、consider long-term storage of information for archival use taking into account reliability and technology trustworthiness. 3.2 On-line versus off-line storage The storage components within any computer system directly affect the overall system operation. There are several different types of storage
41、components that can be attached to any of these systems. Before discussing each of these components, let us consider the various storage groupings, including on-line storage, near-line storage, and off-line storage. On-line storage is considered to be any storage device that is always available to a
42、 system user. An example of this type of storage is a fixed hard disk either attached directly to a computer or available across a local area network. Removable storage media, including removable hard disks and optical media, are considered to be on-line storage devices when they are mounted, or in
43、other words, can be accessed by a user without any system intervention other than reading or writing the requested data. ISO/TR 10255:2009(E) 6 ISO 2009 All rights reserved Off-line storage defines any storage media that is removed from the system and typically stored in a separate area for archival
44、 purposes. Removable optical devices and magnetic tapes that are not mounted fall into this category. Near-line storage devices are stored in a mechanical library, which can be defined as a hardware component consisting of media drives, such as optical or tape, and numerous storage slots or bays to
45、store the media. These libraries are often referred to as jukeboxes for their mechanical similarities to musical jukeboxes. These systems typically contain a robotics arm, which is used to store and retrieve the optical media. In addition, most optical libraries also provide a mailbox slot which is
46、used to insert and/or remove optical media from the system for offsite storage or simple removal from the system. The most important aspect of the optical library is its ability to store numerous platters or other types of media as well as multiple drives in a single storage cabinet. Libraries typic
47、ally only support one form of media and often only one particular class, such as CD or DVD. 3.3 Data layout formats There are three different data formats used in the manufacturing process of 130 mm optical disks. These formats are not compatible, and media can only be read by optical disk drives su
48、pporting that particular format. Two of these formats, Format A and Format B, are described in ISO/IEC 9171. In the list of currently available industry International Standards (see Annex A), some of these International Standards refer to continuous composite write-once capability (CCW) while others
49、 refer to WORM. The CCW media uses MO disks to emulate a WORM-like function. The recording technology used for this emulation is the same as that used for rewritable media. The references to WORM refer to ablative or permanent change write-once media (see section 3.5.2). See Annex A for a detailed list of relevant International Standards. 3.4 Rotational models There are two basic rotational modes used by optical disk drives. The first mode is the Constant Angular Velocity (CAV). Within this mode, the media is spun at a constant
