1、TECHNICAL REPORT 9007 Published 1987-07-01 ,NTERNAT,ONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. MEXflYHAPOflHAR OPAHkl3AfJlR n0 CTAHflAPTb43AL - type 2, when the subject is still under technical development requiring wider exposure; - type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different k
2、ind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical reports are accepted for publication directly by IS0 Council. Technical reports types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide if they can be transfor
3、med into International Standards. Technical reports type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide is considered no longer valid or useful. ISO/TR 9007 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 97, Information processing systems. The reasons which led to the decision to p
4、ublish this document in the form of a technical report type 3 are explained in the Preface. UDC 681.3.02 Ref. No. ISO/TR 9007 : 1987 (E) Descriptors : data processing, information interchange, factual data bases, basic concepts 1) International Organization for Standardization, 1997 0 Printed in Swi
5、tzerland Price based on 120 pages ISO/TR 9007 : 1987 (E) PREFACE. 0.1. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT. It is expected that future data base management systems will include a com- ponent for handling conceptual schemata. This Report explains the roles and concepts for a conceptual schema vith the intention of
6、 providing a framework for discussion and for the design of conceptual schema languages. The rules described in the conceptual schema control to a large extent what may or may not happen in an information syetem and a data base. Therefore thir Report is not limiting its attention to the conceptual s
7、chema alone, but also considers basic concepts for the mechanisms involved in manipulating a conceptual schema and a data base. This Report is aimed at designers of information systems and data bases as well ae suppliers of conceptual schema facilities. The provided framework will pre- pare the way
8、for eventual standardization in the area of data base management. It does not, however, describe any particular method for using such facil- ities. In the meantime, the general principle8 in this Report can be used to evaluate emerging DBMS facilities. The approaches and associated languages describ
9、ed in appendices to the Report are intended to be explanatory only and are not ipso facto candidates for a standard conceptual schema language. 0.2. STRUCTURE OF TXE REPORT. The main body of the Report (chapters one through four) contains the fundamen- tal concepts and terminology for the conceptual
10、 schema, the information base, and the mechanisms involved in manipulating them. Chapter one gives an introduction to the subject, mentions the origins of some ideas developed in the Report, and discusses some major topics. In particular, it explains what a conceptual schema is used for, its roles,
11、and requirements for a conceptual schema facility. Chapter two explains fundamental concepts, provides definittins of the concepts and terms, and develops some of the consequences of those concepts and defini- tions. Roth static and dynamic aspects of the information system are considered and explai
12、ned. Some readers may wish to skip this chapter on the first reading. Chapter three discusses some aspects of implementation. In particular, prin- ciples are formulated for the contents and scope of a conceptual schema, and an information system architecture based on three levels is outlined. Chapte
13、r four reviews some approaches to information modelling and manipulation for data bases. The approaches selected for illustration are outlined in more detail in appendices to the Report. 2 ISO/TR 9007 : 1987 (E) Several appendices have been added to the Report as follows: Appendix A gives a glossary
14、 of the terms and definitions. Appendix B provides an example situation to be described in information model- ling approaches. Appendix C gives a syntax notation to be u8ed for defining gramamrs of example conceptual schema language8. Appendfx D outline8 Entity-Attribute-Relatioaehip approacher. App
15、endix E demonBtrate8 Binary and Elementary R-ary Relationship approaches. Appendix P diclcussea Interpreted Predicate tigic approaches. Appeudix G elaborates on expressing dynamic rules and constraints in conceptual 8CheMta. Appendix H present8 some thought on interacting with information systems an
16、d example8 of permissible action descriptions. 0.3. STATUS OF THR REPORT. Thir Report is an IS0 Technical Report of type 3. It ie the Working Groupr firet reeponse to item 1 of its Program of Work. A8 such it is a statement of the Working Groups current view on concept8 for conceptual schemata and i
17、nfor mation baeee. Coneidering the rapid development in data base technology and applicatfons possible, also takini into account the requirments for distri- buted data babe epsters and related data communication facilities, perfodic revi8ioa.8 of the Report are to be expected. 0.4. REFERENCES. (11 X
18、URRAY, J.A.H. et al. The Oxford English Dictionary with supplements, Clarendon Prese, 1933 - 1977. ISO/TR 9007 : 1987 (E) Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA AND THE INFORMATION BASE. 1.1. The ANSI/SPARC framework. 1.2. The universe of discourse. 1.3. Describing the universe of discours
19、e. 1.4. Static and dynamic aepects of a conceptual schema and informa- tion base. 1.5. Interaction between the real world and an information system. 1.6. The role8 of u8er8 and information processors. 1.7. Guideline8 for the description of a universe of discouree. 1.8. Guideline8 for the content8 of
20、 a conceptual schema. 1.9. Role8 for a conceptual schema. 1.10. Requirement8 for a conceptual schema facility. 1.11. References. Chapter 2. FUNDAMENTALS FOR A CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA AND AN INFORMATION BASE. 2.1. General concept8 and definitione. 2.2. Basic concept8 and definition8 for action8 on the conc
21、eptual schema and information base. 2.3. The behaviour of an information processor. 2.4. Inserting a conceptual schema - the minimal conceptual schema. 2.5. Behaviour rules for the environment. 2.6. Static and dynamic rules and constraints. 2.7. Expressing rules and constraints. 2.8. Co-ordination o
22、f permissible actione. 2.9. References. Chapter 3. SOME CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES FOR IMPLEMENTATION. 3.1. Principle8 for the content8 and scope of a conceptual schema. 3.2. Principles for the description of a univeree of discourse. 3.3. Abstract syntax for a conceptual schema and information base. 3.
23、4. Semantic8 of a Conceptual schema aad information baee. 3.5. Principle8 for the composition of conceptual schemata. 3.6. The Three Level Architecture. 3.7. Information Resource Dictionary System8 (IRDS) Model. 3.8. The conceptual achema in the context of current DBMS implemen- tation. 3.9. Corresp
24、ondence of the Three Level Architecture for information Bystem and the Reference Model for Open System8 InterCOnneC- tion. 3.10. References. Chapter 4. OVERVIEW OF SOME MODELLING APPROACHES. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Review of some approaches. 4.2.1. Entity attribute relationship approaches. 4.2.2. Bi
25、nary and elementary n-ary relationship approaches. 4.2.3. Interpreted predicate logic approaches. 4.3. Translation of approaches to current data base technology. 4.4. References. 9 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 21 28 31 33 34 34 36 38 44 45 45 47 50 51 51 53 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 66 66 67 68 70
26、4 ISO/TR 9007 : 1997 (E) Appendix A. GLOSSARY OF TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS. 71 Appendix B. EXAMPLE UNIVERSE OF DISCOURSE. B.1. Introduction. 8.2. Rulee, etc. for the universe of discouree. B.3. Some thing8 and happenings in the relevant entity world. 77 77 77 79 Appendix C. TKE PASCAL SYNTAX NOTAT
27、ION. 81 Appendix D. THE ENTITY - ATTRIBUTE - RELATIONSHIP APPROACHES. D.l. EmphaBiB of the approaches. D.2. Primitive concept8 of the approaches. D.2.1. The basic concepta. D.2.2. Abetraction concepte. .2.3. Characteristics of relationehipe. D.3. Grammar and semantics. D.4. Graphic formalism. D.S. H
28、odelling. D.5.1. Some pragmatic modelling rules. D.5.2. Formal rule8 for modelling. D.6. Example conceptual Bchema. D.6.1. Graphic repreeentatien. .6.2. Language example. D.7. Check list for the conceptual achema. D.8. Mapping of an EAR conceptual schema to a network data ba8e schema and a relationa
29、l data base schema. D.9. References. 83 83 84 84 E!4 86 91 93 94 94 95 96 96 97 99 102 104 Appendix E. THE BINARY RELATIONSHIP APPROACHES. E.1. Emphasie of the approaches. E.2. Primitive concept8 of the approaches. E.3. Grammar and semantica. E.3.1. The language and its relation to the universe of d
30、iscourse. 105 105 107 111 E.3.2. Formal syntax. E.3.3. Semantics. E.4. Graphic formalism. E.4.1. Linguistic object types. .4.2. Binary relationship types. E.4.3. Constraint8 having 8 diagrammatic representation. E.4.4. Some examples of the graphic formalism 8ymbol8 E.5. Modelling. E.6. Example conce
31、ptual 8CheIM. E.6.1. Graphic representation. E.6.2. Language example. E.7. Check list for the conceptual schema. E.8. References. 111 113 115 117 117 118 118 119 121 122 122 123 131 134 5 ISO/TR 9007 : 1987 (E) Appendix F. THE INTERPRETED PREDICATE LOGIC APPROACHES. F.l. EmphaBiB of the approaches.
32、F.2. Primitive concepts of the approaches. P.3. Grammar and semantics. F.3.1. Abetract syntax. F.3.2. Concrete syntax. F.3.3. Semantics. F.4. Graphic formalicm. P.S. Modelling. F.5.1. Claseification of axioms. F.5.2. the choices will be made pragmatically, based on the purpose of the universe of dis
33、course. Some general properties to which entities adhere, that classify entities, that associate entities, etc., in the universe of discourse are also perceived (e.g. persons are not departments, a person may be assigned to no more than one department). These may be informally described as “classifi
34、cations“, “rules“, “laws“ or “constraints“ about the state of affairs and behaviour of entities in the universe of discourse. In general, what is considered to be part of the universe of discourse will be time-dependent, that is, the selected things and happenings may change with time. This will be equally true for the classifications, rules, laws, etc; how- ever, it is likely that the rate of change of these will be relatively slow compared with that of the former. 10
