1、湘潭大学2017年 硕 士研究生入学考 试 初 试题考 试 科目名 称 及代 码 ：英 语 （二外 ） 240适 用 专 业 ： 日 语 言文学，法 语 言文学，德 语 言文学 _注意：所有答 题 一律 写 在答 题纸 上，否 则 无效。Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)There are two basic way
2、s to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally 1 personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a 2 , the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language all these are examples o
3、f people who have 3 results to show for their efforts._ 4_, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by 5 it is a journey and not the 6 signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their
4、caution or courage, 7 they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really 8 : there are always new ways toexperience the world, new ideas to try，new challenges to accept.In 9 to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take10 . to
5、 confront the unknown， and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at11 . How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we 12 ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and be more 13 to unfamiliar experiences. Do we th
6、ink we are shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can 14 us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we are slow to 15 to change or that we are not smart enough to 16 with a new challenge? Then we are 17 to take a more passive 18 or no
7、t to try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are 19 unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal gears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we 20 to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.1. A
8、. viewed B. rethought2 . A. motion B. transfer3. A. measured B. measureless4 . A. In other words B. By contrast5. A. chance B. mistakeC. reviewed C. promotion C. immeasurable C. As a result C. originD. thought D. motive D. measurable D. Above all D. definition第 1页共10页6. A. specific B. special C. spo
9、ntaneous D. spectacular7. A. while B. since C. as D. for8. A. stops B. ends C. results D. concludes9. A. case B. order C. respect D. way10 . A. measures B. steps C. risks D. actions11. A. random B. first C. length D. intervals12 . A. understand B. fancy C. think D. perceive13. A. open B. reluctant C
10、. opt D. positive14 . A. cause B. make C. help D. induce15. A. adhere B. adept C. adapt D. adopt16. A. cooperate B. connect C. live D.cope17. A. alike B. likely C. likewise D. likeable18. A. step B. role C. chance D. opportunity19. A. both B. either C. all D. neither20 . A. continue B. stop C. cease
11、 D. tendSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, D on ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Culture is the total sum of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human bei
12、ngs. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People
13、once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue
14、answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usuall
15、y fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflects the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All第2页 共 10页languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting
16、 together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2 . The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages，while different from ours，are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. An accidental langu
17、age distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this， and “that”)； some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn
18、, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all culture are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.2 1. The language of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limitedin _ .A. sound patterns B. vocabulariesC. grammatical structures D. bo
19、th A and B22 . The author says that professional linguists recognize that _ .A. western languages are superior to Eastern languagesB. all languages came from grunts and groansC. the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD. there is no hierarchy of languages2 3. The article states that gru
20、nt-and_ groan forms of speech are found _ .A. nowhere todayB. among the Australian aboriginesC. among Eastern culturesD. among people speaking “backward” languages24 . According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _ .A. the potential for expanding vocabularyB. their own sound pa
21、tternsC. an ability to transfer ideasD. grammatical structures2 5. Which of the following is implied but not articulated in the passage?A. The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.B. The study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy a
22、mong cultures.C. The study of language is the same as the study of anthropologists.D. The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.Text 2The tendency to look for some outside group to blame for our misfortunes is certainly common and it is often sustained by social prej
23、udice. There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear: in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This第 3页共10页is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which
24、the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other, and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid racial and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their
25、 own group is being left behind.Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of hostility and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: We all know that children can be taught history in such a w
26、ay as to perpetuate old hatred and old prejudices between racial and political groups. Another social influence that has to be reckoned with is the pressure of public opinion. People often think and act differently in groups from the way they would do as individuals. It takes a considerable effort o
27、f will, and often calls for great courage, to stand out against ones fellows and insist that they are wrong.Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communication which
28、radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by so
29、mething dramatic, something sensational, or something that arouses their anxiety. The popular press flourishes on “scare headlines， and popular orators， especially if they are politicians addressing a relatively unsophisticated audience, know that the best way to arousesuchanaudienceistofrightenthem
30、.Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to inflame group prejudice. It is important to remember economic factors if we wish to lessen prejudice between groups, because unless they are dealt with directly it will be little use simply advising people
31、not to be prejudiced against other groups whom they see as their rivals, if not their enemies.2 6. Which of the following does the author see as the chief source of prejudice?A. The distorted ideas which are believed as statement of fact.B. Fear that personal interest will be invaded.C. The dispute
32、which is favorable to the opponents not one own part.D. The concepts that a community takes for granted.2 7. What part do newspapers and radio play in inter-communal relationships?A. They educate people not to look jealously at each other.B. They cause further prejudice among audience.C. They discus
33、s interesting problems in more details.D. They draw the audiences attention to prejudice.2 8. Whafs the subject of Paragraph 2 ?A. How to eliminate our prejudiceB. The pressure of social opinionC. The role of education to childrenD. Social forces that strengthen our bias_第 4页共10页2 9. Which of the fo
34、llowing can be used to describe the author opinion aboutprejudice?A. It is a difficult problem to solve.B. It can be done away with.C. It is an evil state of mind.D. It should be criticized.30 . Whats the authors purpose of writing this article?A. To analyze social prejudice between social groups.B.
35、 To reveal the danger of social prejudice.C. To blame the politicians for frightening the audience.D. To show some examples of peoples prejudice.Text 3Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagi
36、ne the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because t
37、his emotionlessness would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, bond
38、s among members of groups; societys economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10 , there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.
39、In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider t
40、he length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorization colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experi
41、ences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”，and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life 一 from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will
42、 accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, prize, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dang
43、erous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.第 5页 共 10页31. Taken all together, the first paragraph of this passage mainly tells us that_ .A. emotion is the source of incentive to workB. an emotionles
44、s world is bleak and dreadful for us to imagineC. lack of emotion has great negative impact on human societyD. emotion is the spiritual support of people in their individual life32 . Why can people possibly keep up their learning activities, according to the passage?A. Because they believe there is
45、no end to learning.B. Because emotion is vital to the progress of society.C. Because they find emotion is the incentive to their study.D. Because their experience of learning is rewarding to them33. The underlined word “underpinnings” in the first paragraph probably meansA. bases B. phases C. rises
46、D. crises34 . Emotions structure the world for us in the sense that_ .A. there is very little room for objectivity in our inner worldB. we are too emotional in understanding of the world aroundC. objects of various kinds are categorized according to our emotionD. an objects physical aspects count mo
47、re than their emotional aspects35. What does the subject ccif, in the last sentence refer to?A. Emotion. B. An object. C. The world. D. Society.Text 4Pm on this whirlwind tour of the Holy Land courtesy of Birthright, a foundation that offers every American with Jewish heritage a free trip to Israel.
48、 The only requirements are that you5re between the ages of 18 and 2 6 and you have at least one Jewish parent. Thafs it. Birthright gives you an all-expenses paid tour (Fm talking about airfare, food, accommodation, everything) around Israel to learn about the country and its complicated past and pr
49、ecarious future.I went into my trip to Israel a veritable clean slate, a sheltered girl from small-town Nevada with no strong political convictions. An agnostic in faith and in life. At this point in my life I donH follow Judaism or any religion for that matter. Culturally, Fm kind of whatever, celebrating Christmas and Groundhog Day and any other holiday that seems like fan. I didnt know much about Israelis as a people, and knew hardly anything about the politics of the region.Fm on a bus
