1、银行系统公开招聘考试英语-6 及答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Every product on the market has a variety of costs built into it before it is ever put up for sale to a customer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more. Each of these costs must bring in some p
2、rofit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several layers of profits. The selling price of a product must take all of these costs (and built in profits) into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a ma
3、rkup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost.The markup may be quite high, 90 percent of cost, or it may be low. Grocery items m a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink coats have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves
4、 guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits.While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pri
5、cing means setting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers.Leader pricing and bait p
6、ricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores. The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in t
7、he store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has no intention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low priced item. Then
8、a higher priced item is presented as a better alternative.A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store will set the price at $295 or $299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high priced products are usually priced in this manner. F
9、or some reason $7995 has more appeal to a potential car customer than $8000.Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to
10、buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked to submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on considerations of quality and service.（分数：5.00）(1).In the first paragraph, “markup“ most probably means _.A. the amount by which a price is raised B. ma
11、rginC. turnover D. net profits（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The second paragraph most probably implies _.A. reducing cost will increase profits certainlyB. profits depend on how fast goods are sellingC. fair markup promise the greatest profitsD. lower markup brings reasonable profits（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In a
12、 department store, the purpose of prestige pricing _.A. demonstrates the bad quality of these itemsB. gets them to purchase some other articlesC. earns some dirty money from these itemsD. persuades the rich customers to buy（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Odd-pricing method _.A. is often used with very expensiv
13、e itemsB. is only effective on potential car customersC. is the most popular way of pricing a productD. is the most effective way of selling low priced products（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In a bidding transaction, _.A. the buyers search from place to place for desired objectB. the government selects the be
14、st itemsC. the government transacts with an individualD. the sellers compete with each other for the bid（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In to
15、days prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a comput
16、er is soon viewed as a need rather than a want.In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that
17、 all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France (wine, for example) may be a specialty good in the United States.People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenien
18、ce items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a s
19、udden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items.Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shoppi
20、ng goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is pri
21、marily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all.Specialty goods have characteristics that impel custom
22、ers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics.Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not
23、 even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumers attention. The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping.（分数：5.00）(1).A
24、 word processor can be looked on as satisfying _ rather than _ if it becomes the only means to an end.A. a want, a need B. a need, a wantC. a machine, a tool D. a tool, a machine（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “staples“ (Line 3, Para. 3) most probably means _.A. commodities that people buy constantlyB
25、. commodities that people do not really wantC. commodities that people want but dont needD. commodities that are inconvenient to purchase（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those _.A. that satisfy similar needs of the consumerB. that consumers dont care
26、where to buy themC. that consumers spend much time to look forD. that can be found in nearly every shop（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Unsought goods refer to _.A. items a consumer doesnt needB. new itemsC. life insuranceD. all the above（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the following, choose the shopping goods that ar
27、e considered as inherently different _.A. refrigerator B. carC. dishes D. television set（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The larger a machine and the more numerous its parts, the greater likelihood of a breakdown and the more expensive to repair. What has been said about market forces and
28、management was necessarily oversimplified. The economies of modern industrial nations are large and very complex. To be sure, there is management, and there are market forces at work, but there are also many other factors that help or hinder economic function.In modern industrial societies, governme
29、nts play a large role. There is a great amount of regulation, most of it meant for the protection of the public. All regulations affect the way businesses operate, often increasing their costs and reducing their profits. Lower profits, in turn, reduce the amount of money which is known as working ca
30、pital that a company can use for expansion. Auto emission standards, for instance, have had a significant impact on the manufacture and pricing of automobiles. Other government policies such as taxation, budget deficits, and regulation of the money supply have an effect on how much money is availabl
31、e for people to spend on goods and services.International crises and other conditions also affect the working of an economy. A severe frost in Brazil can ruin a coffee crop and raise the price of that commodity. War can cut off the supply of such resources as petroleum, chromium, or copper. In the U
32、nited States environmental protests have slowed the development of nuclear energy capacity and the mining of vast tracts of protected land. Weather affects agriculture, a hot, dry summer can damage the wheat crop; floods can destroy thousands of acres of crops suddenly; and insect pests can devastat
33、e cropland with a rapid onslaught.Peoples attitudes also have an impact on the marketing of goods. Health-conscious individuals, for example, may stop smoking, curtail their intake of alcohol, and eat less of certain kinds of food. Advertising affects what people buy, and it can create a market wher
34、e none existed. Style and fashion are significant for many consumers.There are other economic problems that are more difficult to understand. For centuries economies have been subject to periods of prosperity followed by periods of decline. Although periods of prosperity can be explained rather easi
35、ly, the reasons for panics, recessions, and depressions are of a complex nature. So many factors contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, that no economist has ever been able to account for all of them.Because the causes of decline are uncertain, the remedies are equally uncert
36、ain. In the late 20th century all industrialized societies through their governments have tried to stabilize economies, keep them prosperous, and reduce unemployment. None of the remedies has worked to the extent that was hoped. How economies work and what remedies can be found to keep them operatin
37、g efficiently are the tasks of economists, who must work together with businessmen and politicians.（分数：5.00）(1).The chief purpose of the passage is _.A. to review the factors that affect economic operationB. to explore the causes of periodic economic declineC. to discuss the role governments play in
38、 modern industrialized societiesD. to propose remedies for correcting economic recessions（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The “machine“ in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 is comparable here to _.A. the political system of a nationB. the economy of a nationC. the market forceD. the government of a nation（分数：1.
39、00）A.B.C.D.(3).The example of auto emission standards is here used to make it clear that _.A. it is harmful for a government to interfere with economic mattersB. state policies tend to lower profits and discourage investmentC. regulation may affect business operation by increasing the costD. most re
40、gulations are not meant for the protection of the public（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why is it difficult to explain the onset of economic decline?A. Because no economist knows everythingB. Because it always follows a period of prosperityC. Because there are too many reasons behind itD. Because it is hard to
41、 predict when it will be coming（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author believes that, to find efficient ways of keeping economy going, economists have to _.A. find the exact causes for economic declineB. find ways to fight unemploymentC. work out all the factors that lead to economic prosperityD. cooperate
42、with businessmen and politicians（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Disagreements among economists are legendary, but not on the issue of free trade. A recent survey of prominent economists both conservative and liberal concluded that an economist who argues for restricting international trad
43、e is almost as common today as a physician who favors leeching.Why the consensus? International free trade, economists agree, makes possible higher standards of living all over the globe.The case for free trade rests largely on this principle: as long as trade is voluntary, both partners benefit, ot
44、herwise they wouldnt trade. The buyer of a shirt, for example, values the shirt more than the money spent, while the seller values the money more. Both are better off because of the sale. Moreover, it doesnt matter whether the shirt salesman is from the United States or Hong Kong (or anywhere else).
45、The vast majority of American manufactures face international competition. This competition forces companies to improve quality and cut costs. By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly, lower quality and higher prices.Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism over $60 billion a year, or
46、 $1000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism, for example, American consumers pay twice the world price for sugar.Free trade also makes the world economy more efficient, by allowing nations to capitalize on their strengths. The United States has an advantage in food production, for instance,
47、 while Saudi Arabia has an advantage in oil. The Saudis could undertake massive irrigation to become self-sufficient in food, but it is more economical for them to sell oil and purchase food from us. Similarly, we could become self-sufficient in petroleum by squeezing more out of oil shale. But it i
48、s much less costly to buy some of our oil from Saudi Arabia. Trade between our two countries improves the standard of living in both.Protectionism is both wasteful and unjust. It taxes most heavily the people who can least afford it. Thus, tariffs that raise the price of shoes burden the poor more t
49、han the rich. Despite the powerful case for free trade, the United States and the rest of the world have always been protectionist to some degree. This is because free trade benefits the general public, while protectionism benefits special interest groups, which are better organized, better financed and more informed. To make matters worse, much of what we hear on this issue is misinformation spread by the special interests themselves.（分数：5.00）(1).The economists _.A. agree on the restriction of internal tra
