1、2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.suprasegmental（分数：2.00）_2.rime(rhyme)（分数：2.00）_3.cranberry morpheme（分数：2.00）_4.phrasal category（分数：2.00）_5.mental lexicon（分数：2.00）_6.genetic relation（分数：2.00）_7.paraphrase（分数：2.00）_8.implicature（分数：2.00）_9.synecdoche（分数：2.00）_1
2、0.syllabus（分数：2.00）_二、音标题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)11.For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share. （分数：2.00）_12. （分数：2.00）_13. （分数：2.00）_14.jwlrm（分数：2.00）_15. （分数：2.00）_16.In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonantst, s,
3、zare in complementary distribution with their palatal counterpartsc, , as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lionciba bananaimola almskesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchze
4、vo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word （分数：2.00）_17.The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. “not able to lock“ and “able to
5、 be unlocked“. The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categor
6、ies.（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)18.How do you understand “performative“ and “constative“?（分数：2.00）_19.How do you distinguish “error“ from “mistake“?（分数：2.00）_20.What is a social dialect?（分数：2.00）_四、分析题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)21.Syntactic analysis. The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given
7、 in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What sy
8、ntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence (lb)from the structure of sentence(la)? Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?（分数：2.00）_22.Semantic properties of words are not directly observable. Their existence must be inferred from linguistic evidence. One source of such
9、evidence is “slips of the tongue“ that speakers of a language produce. Consider the following unintentional word substitutions that some English speakers have actually produced. Name the semantic properties shared by or related in the intended word and its substitution in each pair of the utterances
10、. Intended utterances Actual utterances(slips of the tongue)1. bridge of the nose bridge of the neck2. when my gums bled when my tongues bled3. he came too late he came too early4. Mary was young Marry was early5. The lady with the dachshund the lady with the Volkswagen6. there“s a horse of another
11、color there“s a horse of another race7. he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent8. I saw the dog in the garden I saw the cat in the garden（分数：2.00）_23.Identify the thematic roles in each of the sentences given below. a. The door opened.b. The key opened the door.c. The boy opened the door wi
12、th the key.（分数：2.00）_24.Analyze the conversations below as required. 9a. Analyze the following mini-talk in light of the cooperative principle. A: Have you had your lunch?B: I have been unwell for the whole morning.（分数：2.00）_25.9b. Find the deixis in the following dialogue and analyze them into diff
13、erent groups according to their function in the linguistic interaction. (1)Debby: Go anywhere today?(2)Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.(3)Debby: Anything to see there ?(4)Dan; Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it“s worth the trip.(5)Debby: I migh
14、t do that next Saturday.(6)Jane; What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?(7)Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting. . .(8)Dan: Just trying to be polite. . .（分数：2.00）_26.Grammaticality judgments are made on the basis of linguistic knowledge.（分数：2.00）
15、_27.The difference among “ locutionary meaning“ , “ illocutionary meaning“ and “perlocutionary meaning“.（分数：2.00）_2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.suprasegmental（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than sing
16、le sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.)解析：解析：(考查超音段的定义)2.rime(rhyme)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Rime(Rhyme)is a part of a syllable, and another part is onset. It refers to the sounds after the first consonant or consonant cluster, and consists of the nu
17、cleus and the coda.)解析：解析：(考查韵基的定义)3.cranberry morpheme（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A cranberry morpheme(or fossilized term)is a type of bound morpheme that cannot be assigned a meaning or grammatical function but nonetheless serves to distinguish one word from the other, such as twi in twilight.)解析：解析：(考查蔓
18、越莓语素的定义)4.phrasal category（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Phrasal category refers to syntactic units that are built around a certain word category, and its category is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.)解析：解析：(考查词组范畴短语语类的定义)5.mental lexicon（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Mental lexicon, cal
19、led mental dictionary, refers to the representation of words and their meanings stored permanently in the memory.)解析：解析：(考查心理词汇的定义)6.genetic relation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Genetic relation is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that belong to the same language family.)解析
20、：解析：(考查亲缘关系的定义)7.paraphrase（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.)解析：解析：(考查释义的定义)8.implicature（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Implicature, a word coined by Grice, refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the convent
21、ional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the Cooperative Principle(CP)and its maxims.)解析：解析：(考查会话含义的定义)9.synecdoche（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Synecdoche refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, or vice versa.)解析：解析：(考查提喻的定义)10.syllabus（分数：
22、2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom; it is the planning of a course of instruction, which includes a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.)解析：解析：(考查教学大纲的定义)二、音标题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)11.For each natural class of sou
23、nds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share. （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：stops/plosives)解析：解析：考查语音特征。依据国际音标表，每组音共享的语音特征分别为：(1)爆破音；(2)展唇音；(3)鼻音；(4)近音；(5)擦音。12. （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：unrounded vowels)解析：13. （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：nasals)解析：14.jwlrm（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：approximants)解析：15.
24、（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：fricatives)解析：16.In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonantst, s, zare in complementary distribution with their palatal counterpartsc, , as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lionciba bananaimola alm
25、skesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchzevo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using
26、 the word （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：(1)The non-palatalst, s, zappear before letters including o, a, u, w and e, while the palatals appear before the letter i.(3 points) (2)Since the non-palatalst, s, zoccur in most cases, we can say that the non-palatalst, s, zare the basic form and the palatals are deri
27、ved from it. So the palatalsc,， are the surface forms. The phonological rule can be represented as follows:-palatal+ palatal/_i, which can be read; The non-palatal sound will become its corresponding palatal when it appears before the letter i.(4 points) In the word ima; /zima/ (palatalization) ima
28、Output With the rule applied, we can get the word )解析：解析：考查音位学中的互补分布及音系规则。在该语言中，非腭音t，s，z分布在字母o，a，u，w，e 之前，而相应的腭音c， 分布在字母 i之前。因此我们的音系规则可以写为-palatal+palatal_i，此规则读作：当非腭音后面为字母 i时，此非腭音将转化为相应的腭音。因此在单词 ima中，非腭音 z因为在字母 i前面而变成了相应的腭音17.The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. “no
29、t able to lock“ and “able to be unlocked“. The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree
30、 diagram with proper categories.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：When it means “able to be unlocked“ , the tree diagram of the word is as follow; When it means “not able to lock“ , the tree diagram of the word is as follow; )解析：解析：考查单词的结构分析。根据词缀的前后顺序，单词 unlockable可以理解为：un 一+lockunlock+一 ableunlockable 或者 lock+-
31、ablelockable，un-+lockableunlockable。三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)18.How do you understand “performative“ and “constative“?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Austin“s first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performatives and constatives. Austin argues that some sentences do not describe
32、 things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they are called performatives. And verbs like name are called performative verbs. For example; I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth.(4 points) In contrast, constatives ar
33、e sentences that are descriptions of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. For example, in the sentence, I pour some liquid into the tube. The speaker cannot pour any liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual action of pouring. Otherw
34、ise one can accuse him of making a false statement.(4 points)解析：解析：考查施为句和叙事句。施为句和叙事句的区别首先由奥斯汀提出。施为句是指有些句子说出就是，或者部分是，实施某种行为，其中的动词叫施为动词。叙事句只是描述了说话人在说话时所做的事；说话人不能通过说话，而必须通过动作才能证实他所说的话，否则，我们可以说他做了虚假陈述。19.How do you distinguish “error“ from “mistake“?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Errors usually arise from the lea
35、rner“s lack of knowledge; it represents a lack of competence. In other words, the learner does not know the right form or is unable to use language correctly.(3 points)Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. In other words, the learner has already learned the knowledge or skill but simply fails to function correctly due to lack of attention or other factors.(3 points)解析：解析：考查错误与失误的区别。错误通常是由于学习者知识不足所致，说明学习者的能力不足。换言之，学习者不知道正确的形式或者不能正确地使用语言。失误是当学习者没有发挥出自己的能力时出现的，也就是说，学习者已经学会了某种知识或技能，但是由于不注意或者其他因素的影响而没能正确地使用语言。20.What is a social dialect?（分数：2.00）_
