1、2013 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its basesb. the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same formc.
2、 making the two phones similar by “copying “a feature of a sequential phonemed. the word which is more general in meaninge. the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaningf. the phenomenon that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically representedg. the consequenc
3、e of, or the change brought about by the utterance（分数：10.00）(1).perlocutionary act（分数：2.00）_(2).polysemy（分数：2.00）_(3).derivation（分数：2.00）_(4).assimilation rule（分数：2.00）_(5).superordinate（分数：2.00）_二、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Give a short definition to each of the following terms in English with an examp
4、le.Sociolect（分数：2.00）_2.conversational implicature（分数：2.00）_3.endocentric construction（分数：2.00）_4.phonemic contrast（分数：2.00）_5.langue and parole（分数：2.00）_6.open-class words（分数：2.00）_7.utterance meaning（分数：2.00）_8.critical period hypothesis（分数：2.00）_9.arbitrariness of language（分数：2.00）_10.learning st
5、rategies（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：1，分数：2.00)11.Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss the behaviorist“s view of language acquisition and the implications and limitations of this theory on second languag
6、e acquisition.（分数：2.00）_2013 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its basesb. the phenomenon that words having different meanin
7、gs have the same formc. making the two phones similar by “copying “a feature of a sequential phonemed. the word which is more general in meaninge. the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaningf. the phenomenon that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically repre
8、sentedg. the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance（分数：10.00）(1).perlocutionary act（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：g)解析：解析：取效行为;ihe consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance(2).polysemy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：e)解析：解析：一词多义: the phenomenon that the same one word may have mor
9、e than one meaning(3).derivation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a)解析：解析：派生法:an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases(4).assimilation rule（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：c)解析：解析：同化规则:making the two phones similar by “copying“ a feature of a sequential phoneme
10、(5).superordinate（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：d)解析：解析：上坐标词:the word which is more general in meaning二、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Give a short definition to each of the following terms in English with an example.Sociolect（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolect refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particul
11、ar social class. It is associated with separation caused by different social conditions. For example, people in the middle class might say “I did it yesterday“, but those in the lower class might say “I done it yesterday“, which has an obvious grammatical mistake.)解析：解析：(考查社会方言)2.conversational impl
12、icature（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature refers to the meaning indirectly implied when the conversational maxims are violated blatantly and both the speaker and the hearer are aware of the violation. For example, one says “ he is made of iron“ , which violates the maxim of quality sinc
13、e no human is made of iron. The hearer can understand the speaker“s meaning that the man has a character like iron.)解析：解析：(考查会话含义)3.endocentric construction（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：One construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The
14、 typical English endocentric constructions are noun phrases and adjective phrases. For example, in the noun phrase “a pretty young lady“ , the head is the noun “lady“ which performs the same function with the noun phrase. The article “a“ and the two adjectives “pretty“ and “young“ are modifiers of t
15、he noun “lady“.)解析：解析：(考查向心结构)4.phonemic contrast（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, then they form phonemic contrast. For example, /e/and/ )解析：解析：(考查音位对立)5.langue and parole（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Langue refers to the abstract
16、linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For example, English language is an abstract langue while parole is the specific sentence like “How are you“ which is used in daily conversation.)解析：解析：(考查语言和言语)6.open-class w
17、ords（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Open-class words are a group of words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, and new words can be added to it constantly. For example, nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are open-class words.)解析：解析：(考查开放词类)7.utterance meaning（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Utter
18、ance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication with a certain purpose. For example, when a person is carrying a large bag on his shoulder and telling his friend next to him that “my bag is very heavy“ , the utterance meaning of the sentence
19、 is the intention of having his friend help him rather than the literal meaning of the description of the bag.)解析：解析：(考查话语意义)8.critical period hypothesis（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during
20、which children can acquire language successfully and effortlessly without formal instruction. For example, a child can learn a language more easily before 12 or 13 than after 15.)解析：解析：(考查关键期假说)9.arbitrariness of language（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection bet
21、ween meanings and sounds. For example, there is no relation between the word “apple“ , a kind of fruit, and the pronunciation / )解析：解析：(考查语言的任意性)10.learning strategies（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Learning strategies are learners“ conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning
22、efficiency. For example, a learner evaluates what has been learned during the acquisition of a language and adjusts his way to learn it. This is a kind of learning strategy.)解析：解析：(考查学习策略)三、简答题(总题数：1，分数：2.00)11.Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative e
23、xamples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss the behaviorist“s view of language acquisition and the implications and limitations of this theory on second language acquisition.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Traditional behaviourists view language as behaviour and believe that language learning is simp
24、ly a matter of imitation and habit formation.(2 points)A child imitates the sounds and patterns of the people around him; people recognize the child“s attempts and reinforce the attempts by responding differently, and the child repeats the right sounds or patterns to get the reward.(2 points)The chi
25、ld learns the language gradually in much the same way as habit-forming.(4 points)So imitation and practice are preliminary, and discrimination and generalization are keys to language development in this theory.(2 points) The behaviorist theory of child language acquisition offers a reasonable accoun
26、t of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language(4 points), yet how they acquire more complex grammatical structures of the language requires a different explanation.(2 points)For example, sometimes the children can imitate words selectively and according to their ow
27、n understandings of sounds or patterns based on what they have already known.(2 points)In addition, children can also create new forms and new uses of words until they finally figure out how the forms are used by adults.(2 points)This theory can also be applied to the second language acquisition. Se
28、cond language learners can learn vocabularies and acquire the knowledge of foreign language grammars by imitation, but they can not completely master the second language through the method of imitation.)解析：解析：传统的行为主义者把语言看作是一种行为，认为语言的学习只是一种模仿和习惯的养成。当儿童模仿周围人发音时，人们会给予不同的反应以强化他们的尝试。儿童为得到奖励而不断重复正确的发音。儿童学习语言的这种方式和习惯形成方式大致相同。行为主义者的语言习得理论可以合理解释儿童如何习得某些语言规则和习惯用法，但并不能解释儿童如何习得更为复杂的语言结构。例如，儿童的模仿有时是有选择性的；儿童也能创造新的形式或新用法。行为主义者的语言习得理论还可以应用到二语习得方面，第二语言学习者可以通过不断模仿来学习第二语言，但由于受到母语、环境及年龄等因素的限制，第二语言学习者并不能单纯通过模仿与刺激来掌握第二语言。
