1、北京外国语大学英语语言学真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：149.92，做题时间：90 分钟)Briefly explain the following terms. （分数：50.00）(1).affix（分数：5.00）_(2).inflection（分数：5.00）_(3).mood（分数：5.00）_(4).modality（分数：5.00）_(5).interlanguage（分数：5.00）_(6).language transfer（分数：5.00）_(7).speech act（分数：5.00）_(8).verbal behavior（分数：5.00）_(9).co-oper
2、ative principles（分数：5.00）_(10).vernacular（分数：5.00）_Read the following passage and then answer questions. Alice Kaplan grew up in Minnesota in the 1960s. In her 1993 book, she tells the story of the development of her unconditional, life-long affiliation with French. Her memoirs begin at the age of e
3、ight, when her father, a Jewish lawyer who prosecuted Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg, died. Kaplan explains that she felt a deep connection between feeling the loss of her father and feeling different from others in her pursuit of French: “Learning French was connected to my father, because French
4、made me absent the way he was absent , and it made me an expert the way he was an expert“ (p.203-4). She began studying French in grade 5, and at the age of 14 attended a French immersion summer programme in Maine. The two formative experiences , however, were a year abroad in a French-medium school
5、 in Switzerland at the age of 15, while still in high school, and another academic year abroad in Bordeaux three years later, while she was a French literature undergraduate. Her interest was always as intense for French culture as it was for the French language: “Even in beginning French classes, y
6、ou know there was a French beyond the everyday , a France of hard talk and intellect“ (p.138). By the end of the two full-year study abroad experiences, a complete self-identification with the new community and culture had taken place. She later became a French language teacher and eventually comple
7、ted a doctorate in French. To this day, Kaplan is committed to a life in which both French and English play prominent roles.（分数：39.97）(1).What does “French made me absent the way he was absent“ mean?（分数：5.71）_(2).What is “a French immersion summer programme“?（分数：5.71）_(3).What are formative experien
8、ces?（分数：5.71）_(4).What is “a French-medium school“?（分数：5.71）_(5).What does Kaplan mean when she says “there was a French beyond the everyday“?（分数：5.71）_(6).What does “the new community and culture“ refer to? What is meant by “a complete self-identification“ with it?（分数：5.71）_(7).What does Kaplan“s s
9、uccess story illustrate?（分数：5.71）_Read the following article and then do two tasks. Smoothing the Path from Foreign Lips to American EarsIt is a complaint familiar to millions of alumni of research universities: the master“s or doctoral candidate from overseas, employed as a teaching assistant, whos
10、e accent is too thick for undergraduate students to penetrate. To help solve this problem, increasingly sophisticated software programs have been developed to analyze and critique speech . One program, NativeAccent, which became available three years ago, has been adopted by more than 100 universiti
11、es. Briju Thankachan, an Indian graduate student here in instructional technology , has spent hundreds of hours using NativeAccent. The software can isolate hundreds of pronunciation issues and even show animations of how to position parts of the mouth for each sound. “Every morning I would hear him
12、 repeating things over and over into the computer, and you could hear him getting better,“ said Mr. Thankachan“s wife, Betsy J. Briju, a visiting assistant professor in plant biology. The comprehension problem is far from solved. Even at an institution like Ohio University, with an unusually robust
13、remedial program , undergraduate students say they have run into hard-to-understand teaching assistants. “You get better at understanding after a while, and they“re willing to talk it over again, but it can be hard,“ said Karen Martinez, a sophomore from Chicago. The university“s efforts to address
14、the accent problem date to the 1980s. Every foreign student“s command of spoken English is assessed on arrival, and each year about 300 go through the improvement program, part of the linguistics department. In classes, the students learn to break language into individual sounds, forcing them to be
15、aware of how each part of the mouth is positioned to make a particular bit , while instructors contort their faces and touch their tongues to drive home the point . Students take sentences apart to learn rhythm, emphasis, pauses and rising and falling pitchelements that can convey as much informatio
16、n as words. “Many people come here without having learned intonation at all,“ said Lara Wallace, a lecturer in linguistics. “Everything comes out in a flat monotone, which makes an accent even harder to understand.“ Students are assigned to practice in computer labs, using the speech analysis softwa
17、re, andpossibly the most unpopular exerciserecording audio or video of themselves speaking. They have to transcribe those recordings verbatim , with every pause, false start , repetition or “um“ noted.（分数：59.95）(1).Answer the following questions. What does “critique speech“ mean?（分数：5.45）_(2).What k
18、ind of technology is “instructional technology“?（分数：5.45）_(3).Which two words can be used to replace the two underlined words in “ isolate hundreds of pronunciation issues “?（分数：5.45）_(4).What does the word “position“ mean in “position parts of the mouth“? Which “parts“ are involved?（分数：5.45）_(5).Wh
19、at does the word “things“ refer to?（分数：5.45）_(6).What kind of program is a “remedial program“ and what is meant by “robust.“ (ibid.)?（分数：5.45）_(7).What does the word “bit“ refer to?（分数：5.45）_(8).What is “intonation“?（分数：5.45）_(9).Which phrase can be used to replace “verbatim“ ?（分数：5.45）_(10).What is
20、 a “false start“?（分数：5.45）_(11).Write a short essay in approximately 300 words about the issue of pronunciation and intonation for foreign learners of English.（分数：5.45）_北京外国语大学英语语言学真题 2013 年答案解析(总分：149.92，做题时间：90 分钟)Briefly explain the following terms. （分数：50.00）(1).affix（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：An affix
21、 refers to the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or the stem), which has three subtypes : prefix, such as un-, mini-, para-; suffix, -ish, -al, -tion; and infix, abso-bloomingly-lutely, un-fucking-believable. All the affixes are t
22、he bound morphemes. The affixes that attach to verbs and do not change the category are usually inflectional affixes. For example, -s in reads, looks and listens; -ed in excited, interested and consisted; -ing in studying, making and sitting. They are just grammatical markers and do not change the c
23、ategory of words.(2).inflection（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For exa
24、mple, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: “-ed“; the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: “-ten“.(3).mood（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：The mood is the variation in the conjugation of a verb to express the manner or form. It in
25、cludes three types, namely, imperative mood, indicative mood and subjunctive mood.(4).modality（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：In linguistics, modality is what allows speakers to attach expressions of belief, attitude and obligation to statements. In standard formal approaches to modality, an utterance expressin
26、g modality can always roughly be paraphrased to fit the template.(5).interlanguage（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Interlanguage refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It“s a language system between the target languag
27、e and the learner“s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner“s native language. For example, when a Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society“.(6).language transfer（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Native l
28、anguage plays an important role in the process of second language acquisition. When the native language influences the acquisition of the target language, language transfer happens. For example, the students“ learned knowledge and skills in the native language can be transferred to the second langua
29、ge. When the two languages are similar in structure, then the native language facilitates the target language learning, and we call it a positive transfer; when the two languages are different in structure, then the native language interferes with the target language learning, and we call it a negat
30、ive transfer.(7).speech act（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：Speech act is a central concept in Speech Act Theory, according to which, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. Actions performed through utterances are generally called speech acts.(8).verbal behavior（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：The verb
31、al behavior is the behavior under the control of consequences mediated by other people (who can interchangeably function as speaker and listener)was best understood in a functional analysis.(9).co-operative principles（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：The four maxims of the co-operative principle are as follows: Q
32、uantity. (1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). (2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. (1) Do not say what you believe to be false. (2) Do not say that
33、 for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation. Be relevant. Manner. Be perspicuous. (1) Avoid obscurity of expression. (2) Avoid ambiguity. (3) Be brief. (4) Be orderly. In the utterance given, it is probable that the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Quality, which rules that do
34、not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(10).vernacular（分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：A vernacular is the native language or native dialect of a specific population, as opposed to a language of wider communication that is a second language or foreign language to the population, such as a national lan
35、guage, standard language, or lingua franca.Read the following passage and then answer questions. Alice Kaplan grew up in Minnesota in the 1960s. In her 1993 book, she tells the story of the development of her unconditional, life-long affiliation with French. Her memoirs begin at the age of eight, wh
36、en her father, a Jewish lawyer who prosecuted Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg, died. Kaplan explains that she felt a deep connection between feeling the loss of her father and feeling different from others in her pursuit of French: “Learning French was connected to my father, because French made me
37、absent the way he was absent , and it made me an expert the way he was an expert“ (p.203-4). She began studying French in grade 5, and at the age of 14 attended a French immersion summer programme in Maine. The two formative experiences , however, were a year abroad in a French-medium school in Swit
38、zerland at the age of 15, while still in high school, and another academic year abroad in Bordeaux three years later, while she was a French literature undergraduate. Her interest was always as intense for French culture as it was for the French language: “Even in beginning French classes, you know there was a French beyond the everyday , a France of hard talk and intellect“ (p.138). By the end of the two full-year study abroad experiences, a complete self-identification with the new community and cultur
