1、北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2004 年及答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1Define the following terms（分数：20.00）(1).langne（分数：4.00）_(2).parole（分数：4.00）_(3).allophone（分数：4.00）_(4).semantic field（分数：4.00）_(5).cohesion（分数：4.00）_21.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun
2、 (i. e. tell if there is such a relation between which and which items): 岂有豪情似旧时，花开花落两由之。何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿!（分数：10.00）_32.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations. （分数：20.00）_43.What can this rule mean in English grammar? D-id/t （分数：10.00）_5Define the fol
3、lowing sounds in terms of articulatory feature:（分数：10.00）_g_64.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some example. (Large units like relative constructions might also be considered.) （分数：10.00）_75.We can use the pattern “it is.
4、“ (the cleft construction) to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it? Please give examples to high-light your emphasis of any part of this sentence: I bought a book in the city yesterday. （分数：15.00）_86.Try to discuss as many as possible the desi
5、gn features of human language. （分数：15.00）_97.Observe the following sentences: 老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。 Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try to explain why. (You can use such jargons as reference or anaphor in your explication.) Point out some fe
6、atures of the Chinese language. （分数：10.00）_108.Discuss the following two sentences, and tell why we can assign different values (meanings) to the year of fifteen: She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing. She has done it very well; she is only fifteen, you know. （分数：10.0
7、0）_119.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? （分数：10.00）_1210.Determiner phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like 1) a book ; 2) the book ; 3) books ; 4) book This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds u
8、s of something when we (Chinese speakers) learn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. （分数：10.00）_北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2004 年答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1Define the following terms（分数：20.00）(1).langne（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system s
9、hared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. It is abstract and relatively stable.(2).parole（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individ
10、uals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.(3).allophone（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make a word different from another in meaning. In other words, it is
11、the different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment. For example, the aspirated p h and the unaspirated p = are allophones of the phoneme/p/.(4).semantic field（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Semantic field is sometimes also called lexical field. It refers to an organizational princip
12、le that the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related in such a way that they are from the same area of knowledge or interest; and there is a meaning inclusion relation between the items in the field and the field category itself. For example, the semantic field of agric
13、ulture includes: farm, farming, tractor, meadow, crop, and so on.(5).cohesion（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentenc
14、e. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.21.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun (i. e. tell if there is such a relation between which and which items): 岂有豪情似旧
15、时，花开花落两由之。何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿!（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：A paradigmatic lexical relation refers to a relationship between lexical units that share one or more core semantic components, belong to the same lexical category, fill the same syntactic position in a syntactic construction, and have the same semantic
16、 function; therefore, they are replaceable with each other semantically. According to this, we could generally identify the possible paradigmatic relation between some items in the poem above: “开“ and “落“. In this poem, these two words both refer to changing of condition of followers, a rough compon
17、ential analysis of them may be shown as follows: “开“ = BECOME (x, (APPEAR(x) “落“= BECOME (x, (APPEAR(x) Therefore, it could be clear that they both fall in the category of verbs and share one same core semantic component while have a contrasting component, what“s more, they fill the same syntactic p
18、osition as can be seen from the structure “花开“ and “花落“. Thus, it is reasonable to regard the words “开“ and “落“ are paradigmatic related.32.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：Social dialects are varieties of language used by
19、 groups defined according to class, education, age, sex, and a number of other social parameters. Social class and education are two obvious factors in the investigation of social dialects. The linguistic features of the language used by people of different social background reveal their identities.
20、 For example, speaker A usually says “I did it yesterday“, while speaker B often says “I done it yesterday“. From their respective use of the verb we can see speaker A is better educated than speaker B. Even within groups of the same social class, other differences can be found which seem to correla
21、te with factors such as the age or gender of speakers. Variation according to age is most noticeable across the grandparent-grandchild time span. For example, grandparents may still talk about the icebox and the wireless . He is unlikely to use fridge and boombox as their grandchildren do. Moreover,
22、 variation according to the gender of the speaker is also obvious. Women are more status-conscious than men in English-speaking world so Female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than male speakers with the same general social background. Thus, forms as I done it , it gowed and he ain“t can
23、 be found more often in the speech of males, and I did it , it grew and he isn“t in the speech of female.43.What can this rule mean in English grammar? D-id/t （分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：This rule reveals two points: first, it shows one possible allomorph of the morpheme D, and this allomorph has the phone
24、 -id as its element; second, it shows the according phonetic environment in which that allomorph can occur, that is, it will be pronounced as -id when it appears after the phone t. In this rule, the arrow means the realization, and the bar indicates the environment of the target element.5Define the
25、following sounds in terms of articulatory feature:（分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：: mid-low front lax unrounded vowel_正确答案：()解析：: low/open front lax rounded vowel_正确答案：()解析：: voiced labiodental fricativeg_正确答案：()解析：g: voiced velar stop_正确答案：()解析：: voiceless postalveolar fricative64.Try to tell some of the simi
26、larities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some example. (Large units like relative constructions might also be considered.) （分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：One difference related to the relatives in Chinese and English is: Chinese relatives are pre-nominal and English r
27、elatives are post-nominal. For example, in Chinese, it is accepted to say “那个戴眼镜的男孩“, where the relative clause “戴眼镜“ precedes the noun “男孩“; while in English, the same meaning have a different syntactic representation: “the boy who wears glasses“, where the relative clause “who wears glasses“ follo
28、ws the noun “the boy“. As to the nominal phrases, Chinese and English share some similarities in terms of the word order, especially for those phrases that have adjectives functioning as the attribute: they both have head-final in such type of nominal phrases. For instance, in Chinese, “漂亮女孩“ has th
29、e noun in the final position; similarly, in the English phrase “a pretty girl“, the noun occupies the final position.75.We can use the pattern “it is.“ (the cleft construction) to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it? Please give examples to h
30、igh-light your emphasis of any part of this sentence: I bought a book in the city yesterday. （分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：The predicate is the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifi
31、ers. The predicate excludes the subject itself. Therefore, if the predicate is to be emphasized, then there is applicable to insert an auxiliary verb “do (did, does)“ before the predicate verb which should be changed back to its original form accordingly. For example, “I saw the accident.“ can be re
32、written as “I did see the accident.“ 1) emphasis of subject: It is I who bought a book in the city yesterday. 2) emphasis of predicate: I did buy a book in the city yesterday. 3) emphasis of object: It is a book that I bought in the city yesterday. 4) emphasis of adverbial modifier (place): It is in
33、 the city that I bought a book yesterday. 5) emphasis of adverbial modifier (time): It is yesterday that I bought a book in the city.86.Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language. （分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：1) Arbitrariness. Language is arbitrary. It means that there is no lo
34、gical connection between meanings and sounds. Different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. 2) Productivity. Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. They can produce and understand a
35、n infinitively large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. 3) Duality. Language is a system, which consists of two sets Of structure, or two levels. Units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own prin
36、ciples of organizations. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. 4) Displacement. Language
37、 can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker. This property provides speakers with an op
38、portunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space. 5) Cultural transmission. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetical
39、ly transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning.97.Observe the following sentences: 老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。 Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try
