1、北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2007年及答案解析(总分：200.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第一部分：(总题数：8，分数：100.00)1.Define the following concepts. (1)Phoneme(2)Deep Structure and Surface Structure(3)Speech Act Theory(4)The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：20.00）_2.Explain why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope is ambiguous, and explicate
2、the ambiguity by drawing two or more syntactic trees for the sentence.（分数：10.00）_3.What are gradable antonyms? Explain the concept with examples.（分数：10.00）_4.Read the following passage and state what wrong is with the use of “hello“ from the socio- cultural perspective. A group of Chinese girls who
3、just arrived at the U.S. for their university education decided to visit the city of New York together. Since their school was not very far from the city, so they planned to take a Grevhound bus to go there at the weekend. Saturday morning, they got up early and after two hours drive they got to the
4、 downtown of the city. They stayed therefor a couple of hours, shopping and sightseeing happily. Everything seemed OK until it was the time for them to go backthey suddenly realized that they lost their way back to the Greyhound bus station. What made the situation worse was that it was getting dark
5、er. In despair, they stopped at a corner on the street and decided to ask for help. At this moment they saw a young couple passing by so they said “Hello!“ to this couple. To their surprise, the couple looked at them coldly and hustled on. Having no way out, they approached to the next group of pass
6、ers-by and tried a louder “Hello“ this time. Again they got nothing but a cold shoulder from these city people.（分数：10.00）_5.Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Use examples if necessary. (1)Language learning and language acquisition(2)Field dependence and field independence(3)Contrast
7、ive analysis and error analysis（分数：20.00）_6.Scholars have tried to explain how human being acquire or learn the language. There are two major schools of thought in language learning theories, empiricism and mentalism. Please define and explain these two terms, and then make comments with your own po
8、int of views.（分数：10.00）_7.It is believed that the study of language (linguistics) is clasely related to language teaching. In what ways do you think linguistic studies contribute to the research and practice of language teaching?（分数：10.00）_8.Some language teachers argue that we should “teach the lan
9、guage“ rather than “teach about the language“. What are the major differences between these two approaches to language teaching?（分数：10.00）_二、第二部分：(总题数：9，分数：100.00)9.What is Fricative? List all the fricative sounds in English.（分数：10.00）_10.What are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? Explain each
10、 of them with an example.（分数：10.00）_11.State the Referential-Theory (or meaning triangle) put forward by Ogden and Richards, and illustrate the theory with an example.（分数：10.00）_12.State the various stages of Chomskys Transformational-Generative Grammar, and describe the theorys philosophical/method
11、ological features.（分数：10.00）_13.Explain the (communicative) Principle of Relevance, and use it to explain why in a normal circumstance the sentence John went to the bank means that John went to a money-institution rather than that John went to the bank of a river.（分数：10.00）_14.What is the social con
12、structivist theory? What implications does this theory have for the practice of a language teaching?（分数：10.00）_15.People employ different language learning strategies while they are learning English. Please describe, and evaluate three language-learning strategies you often use from your learning ex
13、perience.（分数：15.00）_16.Some English learners make errors such as “speaked“ and “writed“, while some others produce words like “spoked“ and “wroted“. Why do you think English learners make these two types of errors?（分数：15.00）_17.Below are three multiple choice questions in an English test paper for j
14、unior middle school students. Do you see any problems in the design? (1)How long is XY in triangle XYZ?（分数：10.00）_北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2007年答案解析(总分：200.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第一部分：(总题数：8，分数：100.00)1.Define the following concepts. (1)Phoneme(2)Deep Structure and Surface Structure(3)Speech Act Theory(4)The Sapir-Wh
15、orf Hypothesis（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(1)Phoneme refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts. A linguistic system is built on the idea of contrasts. By selecting one type of sound instead of ano
16、ther we can distinguish one word from another.(2)Each sentence is said to consist of two levels of structure: deep structure and surface structure.Deep structure is the abstract structure and can be said to be the propositional core of the sentence. Deep structure shows the basic form of a sentence
17、with all the necessary information to derive a well-formed sentence, and to give it a phonological representation and a semantic interpretation. Deep structure reveals the underlying structure of a linguistic utterance and specifies the grammatical relations and functions of the syntactic elements,
18、as well as the linguistic meaning of the constituents.Surface structure is the actually produced structure. It is the directly observable actual form of sentences as they are used in communication, and from the perspective of Transformational Grammar, surface structure is a relatively abstract sente
19、nce structure resulting from the application of base rules and transformational rules.(3)Speech Act Theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50s of the 20th century. It is a philosophical explanation of t
20、he nature of linguistic communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?“Austin first of all made a distinction between what he called “constatives“ and “performatives“, but later he discarded this distinction and set up another model to explain the way acts were per
21、formed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act conveying literal meaning by mea
22、ns of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance
23、; it is the act performed by saying something.(4)Whorf developed a unique understanding of linguistic relativity, which is widely known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably expres
24、s speakers unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points can be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative.)解析：解析 本题主要考查对一些基本概念和基本理论的理解和掌握，属识记的范畴，答题既要简明扼要，又要求内容
25、要点不能缺少。2.Explain why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope is ambiguous, and explicate the ambiguity by drawing two or more syntactic trees for the sentence.（分数：10.00）_正确答案：(Ambiguity occurs when one expression has more than one meaning. There are two types of ambiguity: lexical ambiguity an
26、d structural ambiguity. Obviously the reason why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope is that the sentence has an ambiguous structure. This sentence can be interpreted either as “John had a telescope and through it he saw a girl“ (“with a telescope“ telling how John saw a girl) or “John saw
27、 a girl who had a telescope on hersel“ (“with a telescope“ modifying “a girl“).The ambiguity can be solved by the following two tree diagrams:(1)(2) )解析：解析 本题主要考查句法学的相关内容，尤其是树形图的画法。考生一方面要对句法学的一些基本概念非常熟悉，同时又要熟练掌握树形图的画法。做到了这些，本题也就不难了。3.What are gradable antonyms? Explain the concept with examples.（分数：
28、10.00）_正确答案：(Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and converse antonymy. Gradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like: goodbad, longsh
29、ort, bigsmall. As the examples show, they are mainly adjectives. And they have three characteristics.First, as the name suggests, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. For example, something that
30、is not “good“ is not necessarily “bad“. It may simply be “so-so“ or “average“.Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. There is not absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described. F
31、or example, a big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane.Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. For example, we ask somebody “How old are you?“ and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The
32、 word “old“ is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as “What is your age?/)解析：解析 本题主要考查反义关系的种类，答题时要先解释什么是反义词，然后再列出其分类，并进一步举例说明分等级的反义词的三个特征。参考胡壮麟语言学教程(第三版)110-111 页。4.Read the following passage and state what wrong is with the use of “hello“ from the socio- cultural pers
33、pective. A group of Chinese girls who just arrived at the U.S. for their university education decided to visit the city of New York together. Since their school was not very far from the city, so they planned to take a Grevhound bus to go there at the weekend. Saturday morning, they got up early and
34、 after two hours drive they got to the downtown of the city. They stayed therefor a couple of hours, shopping and sightseeing happily. Everything seemed OK until it was the time for them to go backthey suddenly realized that they lost their way back to the Greyhound bus station. What made the situat
35、ion worse was that it was getting darker. In despair, they stopped at a corner on the street and decided to ask for help. At this moment they saw a young couple passing by so they said “Hello!“ to this couple. To their surprise, the couple looked at them coldly and hustled on. Having no way out, the
36、y approached to the next group of passers-by and tried a louder “Hello“ this time. Again they got nothing but a cold shoulder from these city people.（分数：10.00）_正确答案：(Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human communication. While culture is often defined as a system of shared beliefs,
37、values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language u
38、se. In other words, there exists a close relationship between language and culture. According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world.In the passage, in order t
39、o ask for help the group of Chinese girls says “Hello“ to the young couple and then to the next group of passers-by, but they have failed to realize the cultural context in which the communication takes place. In the United States where English is used, people should begin with “Excuse me“ rather th
40、an “Hello“ when asking for help. “Hello“ is often taken as a informal way of greeting rather than a way of asking for help and this may well underlie why “the couple looked at them coldly and hustled on“ and “they got nothing but a cold shoulder from these city people“. Due to their unawareness of t
41、he influence of culture on language, they fail to get help from the young couple and the next group of passers-by.)解析：解析 本题主要考查社会语言学中语言与文化的关系问题。答题时可以先就语言和文化各自的定义进行说明，再阐述两者之间的关系，然后运用上述知识分析问题。可以参考胡壮麟语言学教程(第三版)第 7章的内容并适当发挥。5.Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Use examples if necessary.
42、(1)Language learning and language acquisition(2)Field dependence and field independence(3)Contrastive analysis and error analysis（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(1)Language learning is sometimes contrasted with language learning on the assumption that these are different processes. The term “acquisition“ is used to
43、 refer to picking up a language through exposure, whereas the term “learning“ is used to refer to the conscious study of a language. In other words, “language acquisition“ refers to the subconscious processes by which a language is learnt in a natural setting while “language learning“ refers to the conscious processes by which a language is learnt in a tutored setting.In the field of second language study, howev
