1、北京航空航天大学真题 2009年及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Passage 1To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primari
2、ly on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of cons
3、umers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the
4、 makers and dealers first try to fred out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it according to consumer demand.This concept does not imply that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity-the fkrrn and the
5、 customer. Each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. This concept has been recognized in such
6、 slogans as “Have It Your Way“ and “Youre the Boss“. A good example of the importance of satisfying the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoratio
7、n of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King customer ruled !（分数：7.50）(1).A good knowledge of the difference between marketing and selling leads to_A. the efficient production of goodsB. a perfect command of salesmanshipC. a basic command of the marketing conceptD. the conv
8、ersion of goods into money（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Not too long ago, industries focused on_A. producing and selling goods B. the needs and wants of customersC. the selling of new products D. moving goods to the market（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The very core of marketing lies in _A. all understanding of consum
9、er needsB. the efficient movement of goodsC. developing new wants for consumer goodsD. making goods readily available to customers（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A successful business deal can take place only when_A. the customer is satisfied at the expense of the companyB. a company makes a big profitC. consu
10、mer satisfaction and company profit are given equal importanceD. priority is given to the requirements of the customer（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The last sentence of the passage suggests that _A. the consumer should be allowed to do things his own wayB. the consumer should be treated like a kingC. the con
11、sumer should have the final say in the selling of any productD. the consumer should be advised on what to buy（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Passage 2For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素), a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of
12、 ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in
13、the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood ce
14、lls with a virus. Fortunately, it is so powerful that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you mig
15、ht conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Swedens famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who has undergone surgic
16、al procedures for advanced cancer, half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who have received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale p
17、roject supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.（分数：7.50）(1).In what does interferon differ from antibiotics?A. Interferon has serious side effects, whereas antibiotics do no
18、t.B. Interferon is available in large supply, whereas antibiotics are not.C. Antibiotics are very effective, while interferon is not.D. Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).What effect does interferon have on infection?A. It provokes a neg
19、ative reaction.B. It keeps healthy cells from becoming infected.C. It causes healthy cells to grow.D. It attacks viruses.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Interferon is produced by _A. infecting viruses, bacteria, and tumors with a drugB. infecting proteins with a virusC. infecting white blood cells with a virus
20、D. infecting viruses with proteins（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Interferon has not been widely used because it is _A. still very dangerousB. not yet available in the United StatesC. difficult to produce in large quantitiesD. not effective for human beings（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true of
21、 the results of Dr. Stranders experiments?A. Both interferon and conventional treatments should be used to ensure the survival of the patients.B. At the end of three years, only ten to thirty percent of the patients who had not received interferon died.C. Only the patients who received interferon su
22、rvived.D. Most of the patients who were treated with interferon survived.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Passage 3The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere
23、 and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere; burrowing invertebrates (无脊椎动物) such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate farther unless, it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surfa
24、ce of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi (真菌) and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile, blown there by winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere (同温 层) as long ago as 1936 indicated tha
25、t moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them, in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen miles. They are pretty sparse at such levels, about one for every two thousand cubic feet, compared wi
26、th 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes ha
27、ve also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compas
28、s of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were sealed down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored sk
29、in, excluding the pith.In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of record
30、ed history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is dis
31、turbed. Yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology-the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment-has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the pas
32、sage, the “biosphere“ is the layer on the earths surface_A. where the atmosphere meets the seaB. in which birds, fish and animals would dieC. in which plant and animal life can existD. in which earthworms and other invertebrates can live（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The writer states that fungi and bacteria_
33、A. are only found below the normal altitude ofjet planesB. have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planesC. are not found below the surface of the earthD. are mainly found below the surface of the earth（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage says that the biosphere_A. extends only 1,200 feet bel
34、ow the earths surfaceB. is about seven miles in widthC. is as much as twenty-five miles in thicknessD. is a zone only about one hundred feet wide（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, the balance of nature is_A. something which we should not take for grantedB. most frequently apparent when it i
35、s upsetC. only now becoming of interest to scientistsD. very difficult to preserve（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the_A. free details of the balance of natureB. role of organisms in the environmentC. way living creatures compete with each otherD. way nat
36、ure readjusts to a new balance（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Passage 4As children get older, self-discipline should take the place of imposed discipline. Constrains become internalized and children begin to weigh from within the validity of their promptings (敦 促) . But their tendency to be self-critical, to devel
37、op a code of their own, depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company. The dialogue within reflects the dialogue without that is why discussion is so important during adolescence. Those in authority over children will, therefore, attempt to get children to do what is sensible b
38、y appealing to their common sense instead of ordering them around or appealing to their own status. They will not say, “Im your father and Im telling you not to smoke,“ but will point out the dangers involved. It is a further question, however, whether a childs acceptance of good reasons should be t
39、he criterion for his action. If a parent explains to a child why it is stupid and wrong to put objects on railway lines, and yet sees him doing so, will he stand aside and reflect that the boy is learning to choose? Parents must weigh their own fundamental principles against what is instructive for
40、their children.Example, of course, is crucial. Parents and others must provide a pattern out of which the child can eventually develop his own style of self-regulation. This is not likely to happen unless exercise of authority is rationalized and sensitively adapted to age, to persons, and to the ta
41、sks in hand. For the young will tightly rebel against the irrational expression of a traditional status. In brief, teachers and parents must learn to be in authority without being authoritarian.（分数：7.50）(1).When children get older,_A. they begin to consider everything carefully with their own standa
42、rdB. serf-discipline becomes a conscious or unconscious part of themselvesC. they tend to rebel against senseless expression of authorityD. all of the above（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The sentence “their tendency to be serf-critical, depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company“ coul
43、d be best interpreted as _A. the outside world can exert great influence on the development of childrenB. children are willing to follow teachers instructionC. both teachers and parents should exercise authorityD. teachers and parents should have talks with children regularly（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Whi
44、ch of the following is implied but not mentioned?A. Discussion with children is important when they get older.B. Parents and others should set examples for children to follow.C. As children get older imposed discipline becomes a part of themselves.D. When children are not older, they should be force
45、d to accept some training which develops self-control.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The authors style of this passage can best be described as_A. ironic B. formal C. informal D. reserved（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The title below that best expresses the idea of this passage is_A. Self-discipline or Imposed Discipli
46、neB. How to Educate ChildrenC. Authority Not AuthoritarianD. Example of Parents Is Crucial to Children（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.三、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.His constant attempts to _ his colleagues achievement eventually caused his dismissal.A. withdraw B. diminish C. restrain D. confine（分数：0.50）A.B.
47、C.D.2.The Supreme Court _ the judgment of the lower court in that case last week.A. amplified B. affirmed C. ascended D. applauded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.3.The doctor promised that this medicine would _ the pain in the stomach.A. affirmed B. agitated C. alleviate D. allocate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.The apartment
48、 was _at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that.A. assaulted B. assessed C. asserted D. avenged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.5.In order to help the students get a better understanding of the new conception, the professor it with many examples.A. enchanted B. dissipated C. eliminated D. illustrated（分数：0.50）A.
49、B.C.D.6.The _of his first novel appeared in The Times yesterday; no doubt he was very happy to see that.A. survey B. inspection C. appraisal D. review（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.7.After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground _ with papers, bottles and cans.A. scrubbed B. used C. littered D. dispersed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.8.The new policy has_a large amount of investment for industry and business in this city.A. acquainted B. adhered C. activated D. asserted（分数：0.50
