1、大连外国语学院英语语言学真题 2007 年及答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. Duality and creativity are the only two design features of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.The scientific theories about the origin of language include the bow-wow theory, the poo
2、h- pooh theory and the “yo-he-ho“ theory.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.The main branches of linguistics are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.If grammarians try to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for a
3、ll what they have done about a language is prescriptive.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as LANGUE and PAROLE.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.According to Chomsky, a language users underlying knowledge ab
4、out the system of rules is called his performance, and linguistic competence refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.An ETIC set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community
5、rather than via appeal to the investigators ingenuity or intuition alone.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8.Any segment of speech sound must be either a vowel or a consonant. This is no problematic area（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.The way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract is known as THE PLACES O
6、F ARTICULATION.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.An important social use of language is the inter-personal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.In studying the places of articulation, （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.The English sound b is a voiced bilabial stop and （分数：1
7、.00）填空项 1:_13.A distinction is made between vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation and those where there is an audible change of quality. The former are known as PUPE or MONOPHTHONG VOWELS and the latter, VOWEL GLIDES.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.ACRONYM is made up from the firs
8、t letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.Broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.In Stephen Levisons Q-principle, the Speakers Maxim says: “Do
9、not provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows, unless providing a stronger statement would contravene the I-principle./（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.Literary Stylistics focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.CAL
10、means the use of a computer in a teaching program whereas CAI emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Content analysis in computational linguistics is concerned with describing the contents of docum
11、ents in a form suitable for computer processing.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.The purpose of ACHIEVEMENT TEST is to discover what the testee already knows about the target language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_21.A is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.（分数：2.00）填空项
12、1:_22.A syllable must have a n , which is often the task of a vowel.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_23.Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. For long words, the more stressed syllable is the p stress while the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_24.G
13、is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain category.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_25.S is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_26.P logic, also called predicate calculus, studies the internal str
14、ucture of simple propositions.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_27.S syllabus is a grammar-oriented syllabus based on a selection of language items and structures.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_28.A refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_29.We can refer t
15、o Socrates and Plato who have been dead for years. This indicates a design feature of language-d .（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_30.The p function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship
16、at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_31.To be specific, _ deals with how speech sounds are produced.A. Articulatory PhoneticsB. Acoustic PhoneticsC. Auditory PhoneticsD. Phonological Phonetics（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.32.When APPEAL is said slowly, _ sound segments can be recog
17、nized.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.33.In studying the manners of articulation, is considered to be a/an _ in English.A. stopB. fricativeC. approximateD. lateral（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.34.In studying the manners of articulation, | is considered to be the only _ in English.A. stopB. fricative
18、C. approximateD. lateral（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.35.Lexical changes CANNOT be identified in _.A. lexical change properB. phonological ChangeC. mopho-syntactical changeD. syntactical change（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.36.In componential analysis, _ may be analyzed into HUMAN, ADULT and FEMALE.A. boyB. girlC. manD. woman
19、（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.37.In componential analysis, _ may be shown as PARENT (x, y) boat+hotelboatel; breakfast+lunchbrunch 等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：b）解析：解析 本题考查词汇变化中的缩写词(abbreviation)。缩写法也叫截断法(clipping)，也就是说，新的单词是通过截取的方法造出来的。如 advertisementad; bicyclebike; mathematicsmath; telephonephone; influenzaflu 等。填空项 1:_ （
20、正确答案：i）解析：解析 本题考查词汇变化中的逆构词法(back-formation)。逆构词法是构词法中一种不规则的类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去现象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。如televisiontelevise; editoredit; enthusiasmenthuse 等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：d）解析：解析 本题考查词汇变化中的缩略语(acronym)。缩略语是由组织机构名称的首字母构成的，而这个组织机构的名称有多重修饰语。如 CIACemral Intelligence Agency; WTOWorld Trade Organization; UNESC
21、OUnited Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization 等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：i）解析：解析 本题考查词义扩大(broadening)。词义扩大就是把意义从原来具体的意思扩充到相对概括的意思。如 holiday 过去在宗教英语中的意思是“神圣的日子”，现在的意思是“假日、节日”；bird原指小鸟，后来可以用来指任何一种鸟等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：f）解析：解析 本题考查词义缩小(narrowing)。与词义扩大相反，词义缩小指词语从表达宽泛概念到表达狭窄概念，即从泛指转化为特指或从一般到具体的过程。如 meat 在
22、 17 世纪的意思是“食物”，现在的意义限制为“肉、肉类”；cattle 原泛指家畜，现用来指牛等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：h）解析：解析 本题考查词性(class shift)。词性的变换会改变词义，从指某种具体的实体或概念变为指某种方法或属性。这种构词法也叫零派生(zero-derivation)或变换(conversion)。如 engineer 作为名词时的意思是“工程师”，但是用作动词时，意思是“做工程师”或“计划；操作”；stump 作名词时的意思是“树桩”，作动词时是“挑战”的意思。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：g）解析：解析 本题考查类推构词(analogical creat
23、ion)。某些英语动词同时具有规则的和不规则的两种变化形式，这可以用类推构词原则来解释。例如，人们都知道英语动词表示过去时态的后缀应该是-ed，于是喜欢把它应用到所有的动词上。如 work: wroughtworked; slay: slewslayed 等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：e）解析：解析 本题考查借词(borrowing)。英语在其发展过程中，通过借用其他语言的单词来设法扩充词汇。如从汉语中借的词：taji(太极拳); chow mein(炒面); kung-fu(中国功夫)等。(Chomsky, Jespersen, Whorf, Jones, Saussure, Austin
24、, Firth, Bloomfield, Halliday, Odgen and Richard)Scholar(s)Theories or Contributions1)(a)Cardinal Vowels2)(b)Semantic triangle3)(c)linguistic determination and linguistic relativity4)(d)Speech Act Theory5)(e)London School and a distinctively British approach to linguistics6)(f)Systemic-Functional Gr
25、ammar7)(g)Transformational-Generative Grammar8)(h)American descriptive linguistics9)(i)“father of modern linguistics“10)(j) Danish grammarian, phonetic alphabet（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Jones）解析：解析 Daniel Jones 认为，主要元音是一套被任意定义的元音，他们固定而无变化，为语言的实际元音的描写提供一个参照。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Ogden and Richard）解析：解析 Ogden a
26、nd Richard 提出“语义三角”说。他们主张，词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，而是以概念作为中介。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Whorf）解析：解析 萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说发展出了两个版本，即强式说和弱式说。强式说指的是这一理论的初始假说，即强调语言在塑造我们的思维方式过程中起到了决定性作用：弱式说则是初始假说的修正形式，即认为语言、文化和思维之间有相关性，但是产生不同思维方式的跨文化交际差异只是相对的，而不是绝对的。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Austin）解析：解析 言语行为理论是牛津哲学家 Austin 提出的，是研究语言使用的第一个重要理论。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Firth）解析
27、：解析 Firth 是伦敦学派的重要代表人物。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Halliday）解析：解析 Halliday 的系统功能语法是一种具有社会学倾向的功能语言学处理方法，是二十世纪最有影响的语言学理论之一，同时也影响到和语言相关的不同领域，如语言教学、社会语言学、话语分析、文体学和机器翻译等。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Chomsky）解析：解析 Chomsky 建立了著名的转换生成语法(TG)。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Bloomfield）解析：解析 Bloomfield 是美国描写语言学的首要代表。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Saussure）解析：解析 Saussure 被誉
28、为现代语言学之父。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Jespersen）解析：解析 Jespersen 是丹麦语法学家，提出建立“音标符号”想法。51.“the woman beat a baby/（分数：10.00）_正确答案：( )解析：52.Illustrate free morpheme and bound morpheme.（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Morphemes can be sub-classified according to their capacity of occurring aloneThose that may occur alone, that is, thos
29、e which may make up words by themselves, are free morphemes For example, dog, nation and close are free morphemesIn contrast, those that cannot occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme, are called bound morphemesFor example, dis-, -ed are bound morphemes)解析：解析 本题考查自由语素和黏着语素的概念。根据能否
30、单独出现，可以将语索分为两类。能单独出现也就是能单独成词的，是自由语素，与此相反，不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共现的语素叫黏着语素。53.Illustrate the NUMBER issue with both English and Chinese lexical items.（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(In English，nouns exhibit two grammatically different forms，which vary together with variation between verb forms consisting of root and roo
31、t plus /-s/, /-z/, and /-iz/(man eats，men eat)in the basic exocentric noun+verb sentence patternThese two forms of nouns and the verb forms required with each are labeled singular and plural，and together form in English the category of numberIn contrast, Chinese is said to have noneFor example, 他在吃饭
32、。我们在吃饭。The possible label “们” is just used in some limited groupsIt can be only used with human nouns like “教师们”，“学生们”，but it cannot be used with object nouns like “杯子们(improper)”， “台灯们(improper)”，etcEven when “们” is used with human nouns，the noun groups can not be modified by quantifiers，e.g.“五个教师们
33、(improper)”，“一些学生们(improper)”)解析：解析 本题考查语法中的“数”。在英语中，可数名词或代词在与动词构成基本的离心结构时，这些名词、代词和动词有单、复数之分。但在汉语中，没有这种单复数变化。54.List the features of SCHEMATA.（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(It is believed that schemata, meaning packets of stored knowledge, play an important role in language processingThe features of schemata are a
34、s follows:(1)Schemata can vary considerably in the formation they containfrom the very simple to the very complex(2)Schemata are frequently organized hierarchically; for examplein addition to a rather general restaurant schema or script, we probably also have more specific restaurant schemata for di
35、fferent kinds of restaurant(e.g.fast-food places, up-market French restaurant, and so on)(3)Schemata operate in a top-down or conceptually driven way to facilitate interpretation of environmental stimuli)解析：解析 本题考查图式的特征。图式意为储存知识的信息包，往往是分等级地组织起来的，从非常简单到非常复杂，在语言过程中发挥着重要作用。55.Laurence Horns Q-and R-pri
36、nciples.（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(The Q-principle(Hearer-based): Make your contribution sufficient; say as much as you canThe R-principle(speaker-based): Make your contribution necessary; say no more than you mustThe hearer-based Q-principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is
37、 the most the speaker is able toIn contrast，the R-principle encourages the hearer to infer that more is meant)解析：解析 本题考查荷恩的数量原则和关系原则。荷恩建议把格莱斯的准则简化成两条原则：数量原则和关系原则。56.List at least four components of a communicative syllabus.（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Summarizing the previous theories on communicative approach t
38、o syllabus design, Janice Yalden(1983)lists ten components of a communicative syllabus：(1)as detailed a consideration as possible of the purposes for which the learners wish to acquire the target language;(2)sonle idea of the setting in which they will want to use the target language (physical aspec
39、ts need to be consideredas well as social setting);(3)the socially defined role the learners will assume in the target language, as well as the roles of their interlocutors;(4)The communicative events in which the learners will participate: everyday situations, vocational or professional situations,
40、 academic situations, and so on;(5)the language functions involved in these events, or what the learner will need to be able to do with or through the language;(6)the notions involved, or that the learner will need to be able to talk about;(7)the skills involved in the “knitting together“ of discourse: discourse and rhetorical
