1、工程硕士(GCT)英语-269 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary an(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.However much he_his expenses, he cannot make both ends meet.（分数：2.00）A.cuts downB.cuts inC.cuts outD.cuts off2.It was when he took a job in a company he began to learn English.（分数：2.00）A.when .B.thatC.whichD.what3.The
2、bill is_at any time up to next Friday.（分数：2.00）A.payableB.commercialC.luxuriousD.enormous4.People seldom trust him since he usually fails to_his promises.（分数：2.00）A.keep toB.keep onC.keep offD.keep up5.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply_.（分数：2.00）A.appreciatedB.approvedC.app
3、ealedD.applied6.Earthworms occur_adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.（分数：2.00）A.butB.whereC.howeverD.and7.Never before that night_the extent of my own power.（分数：2.00）A.did I feelB.had I feltC.I had feltD.I did felt8.They have all got up, and_.（分数：2.00）A.Jack has to
4、oB.so has JackC.also has JackD.Jack hasnt9.Jackson is not_as you imagine.（分数：2.00）A.so a big foolB.so big a foolC.such big a foolD.a such big fool10.Some economists say that South Korea, while still deep in_, feels confident in its economy to increase its reserves.（分数：2.00）A.recessionB.recoveryC.red
5、uctionD.reception二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)The climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that over the past century, the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius. This warming is thought to be at least partly the result of human activi
6、ties, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and national economies expand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasing by an additional 1.0C to 3.5by the year 2100.Climate change is one of the most import
7、ant environmental issues facing humankind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems is essential if we are going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequences of climate change and maximize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural eco
8、systems are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Climate change may affect natural ecosystems in a variety of ways. In the short term, climate change can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the lo
9、ng term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geographic distribution of major vegetation typessavannas, forests, and climate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover, changes in th
10、ese ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate changeinduced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services that these ecosystems provide to humans.The global average surface temperature increase of h
11、alf a degree .Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreases in the diurnal temperature range were first identified in the United States, where large-a
12、rea trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum temperatures have increased at a faster rate. In this issue, Alward etal. report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increases.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of
13、the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?（分数：2.00）A.The burning of fuels such as coal or oil.B.The clearing of forests.C.The cultivation of farmland.D.The negative consequences of human activities.(2).The second paragraph is primarily concerned with_.（分数：2.00）A.the potential
14、 impacts of climate change for natural ecosystemsB.how to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeC.how to maximize the opportunities that climate change may offerD.the complex, nonlinear nature of natural ecosystems(3).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the tem
15、perature increases observed over the past century?（分数：2.00）A.Increases of daily maximum temperatures.B.Decreases of daily minimum temperatures.C.Increases of diurnal temperature range.D.Decreases in the diurnal temperature rang(4).In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to
16、_.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the global impacts of temperatures increasesB.present a point of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphC.introduce Alwards report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increasesD.further illustrate the causes of the global avera
17、ge surface temperature increases(5).The word “diurnal“ (Line 3, Para 3) is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.day-and-nightsB.everydayC.two daysD.yearlyMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances were determined by t
18、echnologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers-using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cant be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the dev
19、elopment of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of
20、 a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of non-verbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of tightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combu
21、stion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pi
22、n diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula, nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the a
23、rtist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed, to entail “hard thinking“, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Histo
24、ric American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural sc
25、hools;If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed rai
26、lroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is as
27、sumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.（分数：10.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_.（分数：2.00）A.identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsB.stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering designC.proposing a new role for nonscientif
28、ic thinking in the development of technologyD.criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula(2).It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are_.（分数：2.00）A.strengthened when they include courses in designB.strong because nonverbal thinking is sti
29、ll emphasized by most of the courseC.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systemsD.strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking(3).The main point of the first two paragraphs can best be illustrated as_.（分数：2.00）
30、A.when a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair itB.a telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thoughtC.the designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before decid
31、ing on its formD.the distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designers conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site(4).The example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars is used to_.（分数：2.00）A.weaken the point that math is a necessary part of the study
32、of designB.support the idea that errors in modem engineering systems are likely to increaseC.illustrate the topic that courses in design are the most effective cost-reducing meansD.exemplify the thesis that inadequate attention to nonscientific design may result in poor design(5).The author seems to
33、 be in agreement of which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Non-verbal thinking has its advantage over other perceptive processes.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.We all know that t
34、he normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 748 hours sleep alternating with some 16417 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is n
35、o mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a
36、 reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so
37、on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting stud
38、y of the domestic life and health of night shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep find other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter
39、 system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the Changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body tempe
40、rature. People engaged in normal day-time work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only adjust gradually back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the
41、 adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far;
42、 however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.（分数：10.00）(1).Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at flight“ no mere academic one?（分数：2.00）A.Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.B.Because sleep normally
43、coincides with the hours of darkness.C.Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.(2).The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in_.（分数：2.00）A.the inconveniences brought ab
44、out to, the workers by the introduction of automationB.the disturbance of the daily cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentlyC.the fact that people working at night are often less effectiveD.the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers(3).It is possible to fin
45、d out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because_.（分数：2.00）A.body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB.body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC.the temperature reverses when the routine is cha
46、ngedD.people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently(4).Which of the following statements is NOT tree?（分数：2.00）A.Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.B.The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to
47、problems of the round-the-clock working system.C.Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.D.Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.(5).It is implied in the last paragraph that a low body temperatu
48、re indicates that a person)（分数：2.00）A.has just been awake from sleepB.can not work night shiftsC.should go to sleep at onceD.is less productiveThe ocean bottom a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and unchart
49、ed. Until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, bidden beneath waters averaging over 3 600 meters deep. Totally without light and Subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a century, the first detailed global
