1、考博英语-基础训练 1及答案解析(总分：17.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new reportThe study by the Washingtonbased Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized privacy policies on
2、 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as“fair information practices“The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of w
3、hat information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that in
4、formation wont fallinto the wrong hands“This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list, “said Jeff Chester,executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the surveyThe online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commissi
5、on rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protectionThe movement, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further movement restrictions on electronic commerceMarc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study shows that sel
6、f regulations have failed, “We need legislation to enforce fair information practices, “he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997, “when the group released its first reportThe survey also asked whether the 1 00 sites used“profilebased“adverising, and whether the sites incorporat
7、e“cookies“technology,which gives Websites basic information on visitors Profiling is the practice of gathering in then used to create targeted advertising on WebsitesAll but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy,a major improvement over the early days of electronic commerce, when
8、 such policies were scarceBut that did not satisfy the privacy group“Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices, “Rosenberg saidThe sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said it found that 35 of the sites fea
9、ture profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookiesThe group concluded that the phonies that were posted“are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent“The report, “Surfer Beware ：Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection, “is the third such survey by the groupIt called for further d
10、evelopment of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet（分数：4.00）(1).What does the sentence“This study shows that somebody else，other than Santa，is reading your Christmas list”mean?AThe study shows that someone else would buy consumers a gif
11、t for ChristmasBThe stuldy shows that consumersprivacy is being invadedCThe study shows that companies want to make a Christmas list for childrenDThe study shows that Santa would not bring the Christmas gifts this year（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is not in the list of the basic criter
12、ia of privacy protection mentioned in paragraph 3?AGive notice of what information is collected and how it is used to consumersBAllow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collectedCMake consumers believe that the information provided by the sites is surely c
13、orrectDInstitute the kind of security measures that ensure that the information wont fall into the wrong hands（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It couldbe drawnfromthepassagethat_Athe Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center has released at least 3 reports concerning the online privacyBadults canno
14、t get any online privacy protectionCboth the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rulesDonly 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the passage mainly talk about?AMarc Rosenbergs study on self-regulationBSome o
15、nline problems found by a privacy groups studyCAdults and children are differentDOnline security measures（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an appleyou take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour；you look at it, and see that it is hard and gr
16、eenYou take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sourThe shopman offers you a third；but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour,like those that you have already triedNothing can be more
17、 simple than that, you think；but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprisedIn the first place you have performed the operation of inductionYou find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in a
18、pples went together with soumessIt was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the secondTrue, it is a very small basis, but stillit is enough from which to make an induction；you generalize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greennessYou found upon
19、that a general law,that all hard and green apples are sour；and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect inductionWell, having got your natural law in this way,when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say,“all hard and green apples are sour；this apple is hard and green；th
20、erefore, this apple is sour“That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogismand has all its various parts and termsits major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusionAnd by the help of further reasoning。which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms
21、, you arrive at your final determination, “I will not have that apple“So that, you see, you have, in the first place established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular caseWell now,suppose, having got your conclusion of the law,that at
22、 some times afterwardsyou are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend；you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!“Your friend says to you, “But how do you know that?“You at once reply,“Oh, because I have tried them over and over again,
23、 and haye always found them to be so“Wellif we are talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verificationAnd, if still opposed, you go further,and say,“I have heard from people, in Somerset shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in Lon
24、don, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing“It is also found to be the case in Normandy,and in North AmericaIn short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subjectWhereupon, your friend, unless he is a ve
25、ry unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawnHe believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been madeand results of the same kind arrived atthat the more varied the condition
26、s under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no furtherHe sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result；and he says with you, therefore, that the law
27、 you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it（分数：4.00）(1).Apples are used_Ain order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellectBto illustrate the subject of the passageCto give colorto the storyDto show how foolish logic is（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The term“naturallaw”as it appear
28、s in the text re：fers to_Acommon sense Bthe result of an inductionCthe order of nature Da scientific discovery（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).If you find a hard and green apple that is not sour,you should_Atry more apples to see if the natural law has changedBeat the rest of the apple at onceCreject the law st
29、ating that hard and green apples are usually sourDconduct further investigations and make adjustments to the law of apples as necessary（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The writer is probably_AFrench BEnglish CAmerican DNone of the above（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Government is not made in virtue of
30、natural rightswhich may and do exist in total independence of it, and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract perfection；but their abstract perfection is their practical defectBy having a right to everything, men want everythingGovernment is a contrivance of human w
31、isdom to provide for human wantsMen have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom Among these wants is to be reckoned the want, out of civil society,of a sufficient restraint upon their passionsSociety requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subj ected, but
32、 that even in the mass and body,as well as in the individualsthe inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjectionThis can only be done by a power out of themselves；and not, in the exercise of its function, subject to that will and t
33、hose passions which is its Office to bridle and subdueIn this sense, the restraints on men, as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights But because the liberties and the restrictions vary with times and circumstancesand admit to infinite modifications, they cannot be settled up
34、on by any abstract rule；and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that principleThe moment you abate anything from the full rights of men, each to govern himself,and suffer any artificial, positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization of govemment becomes a c
35、onsideration of convenienceThis is which makes the constitution of a state, and the due distribution of its powers, a maRer of the most delicate and complicated skillIt requkes a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, and of the things that facilitate or obstruct the various ends, whi
36、ch are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutionsThe state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempersWhat is the use of discussing a mans abstract right to food and medicine?The question is upon the method of procuring and administering themIn that deliberation, I
37、shall always advise to callin the aid of the farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of metaphysics（分数：4.00）(1).According to the author,government_Ais made by men Bis made in virtue ofnatural rightsChas a right to everything Dwants everything（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author states that th
38、e will and the passions of the people_Acan be effectively controlled by the people themselvesBshould determine government policiesCcan be controlled only by a power that exists apart from the people and is not subject to that will and those passionsDcannot be controlled（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The restr
39、aints on men as well as the liberties of men_Aare matters for individual concernBarefights ofmenCshould be ofno concern to the governmentDcannot be tolerated by people（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Besides a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities，establishing a constitution of a state and decidi
40、ng upon its powers require a knowledge of_Athe liberties and restrictions on mans fightsBthe things which facilitate or obstruct the ends pursued by the mechanism of civil institutionsCthe will Ofall the peopleDthe constitutions of many nations（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Habits are a fun
41、ny thingWe reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on autopilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd“William Wordsworth said in the 19th centuryIn the ever-changing 21st century, even the word“habit“carries a negative co
42、nnotationSo it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new
43、,innovative tracksRather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habitsIn fact, the more new things we try-he more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we becomeboth in the workplace and
44、in our personal livesBut dont bother trying to kill off old habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyre there to stayInstead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads“The first thing needed for innovation
45、is a fascination with wonder,“says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind“But we are taught instead todecide, just as our president calls himself the Decider“She adds, however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but oneA good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possib
46、ilities“All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she saysResearchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in：four primary ways：analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovativelyAt the end of adolescen
47、ce, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of lifeThe current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and c
48、ollaborative modes of thought“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system-that anyone can do anything, “explains M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Willand MsMarkovas business partner“Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonnessKnowing what youre good at an
49、d doing even more of it creates excellence“This is where developing new habits comes in（分数：5.00）(1).In Wordsworths view，“habits”is characterized being_Acasual Bfamiliar Cmechanical Dchangeable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be_Apredicted Bregulated Ctraced Dguided（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The wo
