1、考博英语-阅读理解(一)及答案解析(总分：25.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The one accident situation where immediate action must be taken is when a person stops breathing. This might be the result of drowning, electrocution, suffocation, head injury caused by a fall, poisoning or a variety of other accidents.
2、If someone has stopped breathing, however, there may be a simpler causethe breathing passages may be blocked by food, vomit, saliva or even the tongue.Whatever the cause, it is imperative that breathing is restarted quickly, as otherwise brain damage may result. Act quickly: lay the casualty flat on
3、 his back, and pull back the head while holding the jaws clenched. This prevents the tongue from falling back into the throat and blocking the air passages. If any foreign matter like sand or vomit can be seen in the victims mouth or throat, scoop it out with the fingers. False teeth are a particula
4、r hazard and often fall back into the throat of an unconscious person.If breathing does not start immediately, you must begin artificial respiration right away, by breathing directly into the casualtys lungs through the mouth or nose. As you exhale deeply through the casualtys nose, it is necessary
5、to hold their mouth firmly closed. If you are breathing into the mouth, however, pinch the nostrils to stop the escape of air. If the airways are not obstructed you will see the chest of the casualtys lungs. Each time you blow, turn your head to check that there is regular rise and fall of the chest
6、. This must be continued until breathing starts spontaneously, or in any event for at least an hour. As soon as the casualty starts to respond you should see an improvement in his colour, usually after the first dozen or so inflations. When breathing starts, it will be weak and shallow, and will sti
7、ll need assisting. Time your breaths to coincide with those of the casualty, as his breathing gradually strengthens.When breathing has restarted and can continue without help, the casualty will still be unconscious. He should be turned into the “unconscious position, preferably with the body slightl
8、y higher than the head, and watched carefully to make sure that breathing continues. Dont rush to get him to hospital. It is more important to make sure that breathing is strong and will continue while the casualty is being moved.（分数：5.00）(1).Immediate treatment is necessary when an accident ease st
9、ops breathing to prevent _.A. excessive vomiting B. heart failureC. brain injury D. blood poisoning（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following actions should be taken as the third step?A. Remove any obstruction.B. Lay the casualty flat on his back.C. Begin artificial respiration.D. Pull the casualty
10、s head back.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The mouth or nose method of artificial respiration _.A. forces air into the lungsB. clears the air passagesC. removes stale air from the lungsD. blocks the air passages（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).When applying artificial respiration it is important to keep a careful eye on
11、_.A. your rate of breathingB. signs of unconsciousnessC. the casualtys chestD. any reaction to colour（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Once the casualty can breathe unaided, you should _.A. turn his head roundB. support the body slightly higher than the headC. slightly raise the headD. turn his face downwards（分数
12、：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)There is a popular English belief that if you cant get in the water, you might as well get on it. It may be that the seas around our coasts are too chill and uninviting for round-the-year bathing, or that in many eases treacherous currents and sharp incisor-li
13、ke rocks beneath the water discourage all but the most venturesome. Perhaps the real answer is that we are islanders and islands, on the whole, tend to produce sea-faring people. Our early history of exploration and discovery, to say nothing of downright piracy, goes some way to support this. Howeve
14、r that may be, the Englishman is not just content to get on the sea, he is also irresistibly compelled to get on his inland waterways. Our rivers, canals and lakes, besides proving a cheap, if relatively slow form of transport, attract a regular army of enthusiastic amateurs who spend their winters
15、scraping and painting their boats in readiness for the warmer weather, some even going so far as to build their own craft. When spring comes, the proud owners take to the water in their little boats, white sails flapping, like so many ducks. There are of course innumerable rowing boats, punts, skiff
16、s and dinghies, and superior, motor-powered cabin cruisers whose owners wear yachting caps and nautical-looking sweaters. These last, usually flying a club pennant and with a girl or two stretched out on the cabin roof, proceed at speed down the river creating a wash that sets the smaller boats bobb
17、ing and bouncing and even on occasion capsizing. Even their magnificence, however, is eclipsed by the rowing eights who streak up and down in their elegant long boats, dipping their oars to the merciless cries of the coach: “In-Out-In-Out“. These are the giants of the river, bronzed and muscular, ob
18、livious of everything but the precision of their timing and the need for speed.Any description of our inland waterways would be incomplete without reference to those who have made the water their way of life. Disregarding damp, inconvenience, gales, storms and the danger of floods, they make their h
19、omes on the water, in houseboats or converted barges, becoming, as it were, a species of human water-rat. Their original intention may have been to get away from the tension and frustration of city or suburban life, but it is soon apparent that theirs is no gipsy existence. Their homes, moored or fl
20、oating, are painted in gay colours, electric light and bathrooms are installed, curtains appear at the windows and neighbours vie with one another in the cultivation of trailing pot plants and hanging baskets of flowers. The result is comfortably suburbana dog or a eat is frequently introduced into
21、the domestic sceneand the whole is an excellent example of the art of compromise. The owners have lost none of their creature comforts, but they have satisfied their urge to live on the water.（分数：5.00）(1).The writer suggests that the majority of islanders _.A. have to make their living from the seaB
22、. are strongly attracted to the seaC. are only interested in going to the seaD. have to go on voyages of discovery（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage tells us that, among boat-lovers, there are some _.A. experienced boat-buildersB. amateur soldiersC. do-it-yourself enthusiastsD. members of the armed fo
23、rces（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What happens in the spring? The boat-owners _.A. go into the water with their boatsB. sail down river with the ducksC. get out on water in their boatsD. get their boats out of the water（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Sometimes one of the smaller boats overturned because _.A. there was
24、a sudden surge in the waterB. it couldnt keep up with the bigger boatsC. there was a sudden gush of waterD. it got in the way of the bigger boats（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It seems that people who decide to make their homes on the water _.A. disregard the risks and inconveniencesB. enjoy the challenge of
25、dangerous situationsC. want to live an unconventional lifeD. would like to have been gypsies（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to det
26、ermine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The UNESCO report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively sma
27、ll proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also lacing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is “inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development.(and).national de
28、velopment as a whole is bound up with the world context“. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical developmentit is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the envir
29、onment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy programmes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem, for example the involvement of voluntary non- governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a cond
30、ition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide an adequate “literacy environment“.Who are the “illiterates“ and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy b
31、egins? Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, “may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position“. Literacy, he p
32、oints out, is not something one either has or has not got, “Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development. “An educational definitioni, e. in terms of grades completed or skill mastered is shown to be inadequate in that educationally d
33、efined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological/economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act
34、 with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a “ reading-level type“; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.（分数：5.00）(1).Part of the teacher of readings involvement in the development of a literate society is through _.A.
35、ascertaining their societys literacy standardB. determining a level of literacy for their societyC. deciding on a world standard of literacyD. achieving a desired role for teaching literacy（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What problems are facing both developing and industrial nations?A. How to achieve literacy
36、 in their own countries.B. How the environment can be changed to suit the people.C. What methods of producing social and economical development can be found.D. Which ways of encouraging literacy as part of national development are possible.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What importance do the voluntary non-go
37、vernmental organizations have in literacy programmes?A. They demonstrate how literacy changes society.B. They show that literacy is often imposed on people.C. They present conditions in which people can become literate.D. They enable people to take part in international literacy schemes.（分数：1.00）A.B
38、.C.D.(4).“Illiterates“ according to Hillerich, are best defined as people who _.A. cannot read or write at allB. only have a primary educationC. read and write inadequately for their needsD. have no education at all（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why is a “reading-level type“ of assessment inadequate to define
39、 literacy?A. Because it ignores other social factors in society.B. Because educational needs are not taken into account.C. Because individual involvement in society is not considered.D. Because no account is taken of the importance of language in society.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Af
40、ter a while I grew tired of the confusion and disturbance of the town. There were several bars open, one offered a cocktail feminino which I was curious to know more about. Instead I decided to remain sober and drove out of town and up to the Paso de Cortes, the high pass by which the conquistadors
41、had broken through the Aztec defences. These are the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental and on a clear day the view from Amecameca is dominated by the two volcanoes, Popoeatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl. This was not a clear day. The heat haze pressed down beneath a layer of high cloud which hid the mo
42、untain peaks. The road started to climb through thick woodland. Indian women stood in some of the clearings, tending fires. They held out the tortillas they had been cooking, hoping for a sale. Their horses were tethered nearby; presumably they were on the last stage of their journey to the fair. Th
43、ey would be in town by nightfall, in time for the procession.As I emerged from the woods, the clouds, which had hidden Popoeatepetl for several weeks, suddenly lifted and the peak stood distinct in the cold blue air. The peak was covered in snow and from the tip of this arose a thin plume of smoke.
44、Below the ring of snow the volcanic slopes were rumpled into pleats of soft brown and grey. Not a tree or a blade of grass could be seen on those slopes.The Aztecs believed that Popocatepetl was a former king and that Ixtaccihuatl, “the Sleeping Woman“ was his faithful wife who accompanied him in de
45、ath. I wondered what Cortes would have thought of all this beauty as he was guided between the volcanoes and knew that the guardian saints of the Aztecs were nothing more than volcanoes. It was as deserted now on the windy brown plateau as it was on the day he passed. Cortes is not honoured in Mexic
46、othere are only two statues to him in the entire countrybut on the Paso de Cortes a small bas-relief has been set into a stone. This shows him advancing, mounted on an armoured horse, a crowd of men around him and the Indian interpreter, Princess Marina, who bore his son, showing him the way. Withou
47、t Marina, the Spanish could never have left the coast. They numbered only five hundred, but their arrival had been prophesied in the Aztec religion, of which with Marinas help, they were able to take advantage and save themselves from Montezumas sacrificial altars.In truth Cortes needs no monuments
48、in Mexico; the whole country is a result of his reckless adventure. Every Church in Mexico is his monument, just as much as the medieval suits of armour which were being sold to the children in the town below the pass. A chill wind from the volcano started to blow and I returned to the warmth of the
49、 forest and the mist.（分数：5.00）(1).The writer decided to leave the town because _.A. there was too much confusion in the barsB. he was wary of the effects of cocktailsC. he didnt want to become an alcoholicD. only one of the bars served cocktails（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The foothills of the mountains were _.A. wreathed in mists B. inhabited by IndiansC. covered in forest D. blanketed in snow（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The legends of the Aztec suggest that _.A. neither of the volcanoes had ever eruptedB. one of th
