1、考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷 79 及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs. Sucking, which is the infants means of gaining both food and emotional security, conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation. If
2、the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake, if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires, and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment, the child is more likely to thrive both physically and emoti
3、onally. On the other hand, if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the childs hunger or sucking need is satisfied, or handles the child hostilely during the feeding, or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child, the ch
4、ild may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age. If, in addition, the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance, he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by fam
5、ily and other psychosocial environments. If an individuals family eats large quantities of food, then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts. If an individuals family eats mainly vegetables, then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables. If mealtime is a happy and significant event, then th
6、e person will tend to think of eating in those terms. And if a family eats quickly, without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table, then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it. This conditioning to food can remain unchange
7、d through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake. Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that, for exampl
8、e, a Jew, whose religion forbids the eating of pork, might have guilt feelings if he or she ate pork. An older Roman Catholic might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Friday, traditionally a fish day.（分数：10.00）(1).A well-breast-fed child_.（分数：2.00）A.tends to associate foods with
9、 emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD.is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the future(2).While sucking, the baby is actually_.（分数：2.00）A.conscious of the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with his or her motherC.c
10、reating a nursing environmentD.impossible to be abused(3).A bottle-fed child_.（分数：2.00）A.can be healthy physiologically, but not emotionallyB.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throughout lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD.is rid of physiological needs(4).From the list of eating habits, we learn that
11、_.（分数：2.00）A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.ones eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everybody is born into a conditioned eating environment(5).A Jew or an older Roman Catholic_.（分数：2.00）A.takes a eating habit
12、 as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religious beliefsD.observes a eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths
13、 is falling from favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozarts music promotes mathematical thinking. Researchers reported six years ago that listening to Mozart brings about short-term improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in
14、 maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern. Some of the students then listene
15、d to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved. Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons. But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to f
16、ind this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaws experiments to see for himself. Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did n
17、ot listen to anything. Then the students took the test again. No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesnt exist. “Its about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get,“ he says. Shaw however defends his study. One re
18、ason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart but Steele didnt separate his students into groups based on ability. “Were still at the stage where it needs to be examined,“ Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the
19、 more well be able to design tests that give a robust effect. “（分数：10.00）(1).It has been recently found out that_.（分数：2.00）A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematical thinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve ones mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recogn
20、izedD.music favors ones mathematical thinking(2).Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?（分数：2.00）A.Paper cutting and spatial thinking.B.The nature of a task and the type of thinking.C.Classical music and mathematical performance.D.Mathematical thinking
21、 and spatial-temporal reasoning.(3).In Shaws test, the students would most probably_.（分数：2.00）A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains(4).From Steeles experiment we can say th
22、at_.（分数：2.00）A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than ShawsC.the results were statistically significantD.Shaws results were not repeatable(5).Shaw is critical of_.（分数：2.00）A.Steeles results presented at a wrong stageB.Steeles wrong selection of the testees
23、C.Steeles ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steels test designFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Seans case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just arent enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can
24、 alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong oppo
25、sition among animal right activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding
26、pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that had lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could a
27、lso use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an o
28、rgan could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.A high mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.(2).Not only is the gene-alter
29、ing technique a technical issue, according to the passage, but also it_.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of usin
30、g animal organs, some scientists_.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organsC.come up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to purchase better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph o
31、f the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to be desired(5).The i
32、nformation the passage carries is_.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualHere is a great irony of 21st century global health: while many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of milli
33、ons more are overweight to the point of increased risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart
34、disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironically improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically
35、active. Market economies encourage this. They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television sets, and computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight is good business. Food is p
36、articularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries especially the rich ones, have far more than they need another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories ar
37、e overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed towards children. Food
38、 marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet, or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more, and all employ armies of lobbyists to dis
39、courage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the neglig
40、ence of food security.D.the consumption of food and the increased risk of diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is_.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-
41、related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a
42、result of the third irony, people_.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB.complain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic
43、dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷 79 答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs. Sucking, which is the infants means of gaining both food and emotional secur
44、ity, conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation. If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake, if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires, and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and s
45、hare their enjoyment, the child is more likely to thrive both physically and emotionally. On the other hand, if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the childs hunger or sucking need is satisfied, or handles the child hostilely during
46、the feeding, or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child, the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age. If, in addition, the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance, he or she will carry scars of suc
47、h emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments. If an individuals family eats large quantities of food, then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts. If an individuals family eats mainly vegetables, then he or she will be
48、inclined to like vegetables. If mealtime is a happy and significant event, then the person will tend to think of eating in those terms. And if a family eats quickly, without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table, then the person will most likely adopt the same eating patt
49、ern and be adversely affected by it. This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake. Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that, for example, a Jew, whose religion forbids the eating of pork, might have guilt feelings if he or she ate por
