1、考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷 85 及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：32.00)Science and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows. Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change, where it is now time for emergency counseling. One point repeatedly made at last weeks climate change cong
2、ress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists. Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do, but at this stage climate scientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Pane
3、l on Climate Change, for two reasons. First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it: “Tell me what the stock market will do in 100 years and I will tell you what the climate will do. “ Second as most climate scientists
4、 will agree, their role is not to formulate policy. They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds, from burning forests to disappearing islands. But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we shoul
5、d allow to be pumped out, the answer is, invariably, how much risk do you want to take? There are ways out of the deadlock. As the major climate negotiations in December approach, scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens. Some may feel uncomfort
6、able with blurring the line between science and activism, but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions. Politicians, for their part, should stop begging climatologists for easy answers. What they need instead is
7、a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray people who are willing and able to weight up the risks, costs and benefits of various degrees of action. If all else fails, there may still be the safety net of geoengineering. As we have said on several o
8、ccasions, this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy. Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers, but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions, cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-
9、jail-free card; it has dangers of its own. The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.（分数：8.00）(1).Speaking of climate change, politicians_.（分数：2.00）A.dont like it when scientists are i
10、ndirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy(2).To bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scientists are supposed to_.（分数：2.00）A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discar
11、d their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment(3).For their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and_.（分数：2.00）A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands
12、 of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academiaD.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction(4).The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of_.（分数：2.00）A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers
13、 of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsWhen Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out an
14、d said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. “ Broadcasting his ambition was “ very much my decision,“ McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says l
15、eaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they w
16、ere looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first si
17、gns of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound f
18、or aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey : “I cant think
19、 of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. “ Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a
20、 CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performe
21、rs. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,“ says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. “（分数：8.00）(1).
22、When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being_.（分数：2.00）A.arrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsive(2).According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by_.（分数：2.00）A.their expectation of better financial statusB.their need to reflect on their priva
23、te lifeC.their strained relations with the boardsD.their pursuit of new career goals(3).The word “poached“(Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.approved ofB.attended toC.hunted forD.guarded against(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.top performers used to
24、cling to their postsB.loyalty of top performers is getting outdatedC.top performers care more about reputationsD.its safer to stick to the traditional rulesThe rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “ paid“ media such as television co
25、mmercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ earned“ media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts about produ
26、cts and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their
27、own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic
28、is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson it has dangers of it
29、s own. The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.（分数：8.00）(1).Speaking of climate change, politicians_.（分数：2.00）A.dont like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with s
30、cientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy 解析：解析：细节题。从第二段可知，科学家们在制定遏制气候变化的问题上，更多的只能是 scratch their heads，即“不知所措”的含义，与 D 选项中“be left puzzled over”是近义改写。故本题选D。(2).To bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scie
31、ntists are supposed to_.（分数：2.00）A.act with more concern and enthusiasm B.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment解析：解析：细节题。从倒数第二、三段可知，为了搭建科学家和政治家的沟通桥梁，科学家们应该从学术的象牙塔中走出来(descend from the ivory to
32、wers of academia)，脱掉实验室的制服(labcoat)，以关切的市民身份(concerned citizen)参与进来。故本题答案为 A(科学家们应该更积极主动地参与)。(3).For their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and_.（分数：2.00）A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinions B.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the iv
33、ory towers of academiaD.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction解析：解析：细节。原文倒数第二段有答案。政治家们不应该再只向气候学家寻求简单的答案，而是需要一群新的顾问，他们从学术象牙塔中走出来，加入到气候问题的讨论，愿意并且有能力去权衡风险，以及各种行动方案的成本和收益。(4).The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of_.（分数：2.00）A.the other alternatives in the mat
34、terB.the climate weapon as a double-edged sword C.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governments解析：解析：细节题。最后一段有答案；地理工程不是一张万能卡，它也有自己的风险(Geoengineering is no getoutof-jailfree card；it has dangers of its own)。也就是地里工程是一把双刃剑(double-
35、edged sword)。故本题选 B。When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. “ Broadcasting his ambiti
36、on was “ very much my decision,“ McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he w
37、anted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareho
38、lder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump w
39、ithout a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is
40、unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey : “I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs
41、 first. “ Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange
42、. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba
43、d one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,“ says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. “（分数：8.00）(1).When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being_.（分数：2.00）
44、A.arrogantB.frank C.self-centeredD.impulsive解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的 McGee announced his departure 定位到这两句：When LiamMcGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his explanation was surprisinglystraight upRather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out andsaid he was lea
45、ving“to pursue my goal of running a company”straight up 是第一个线索，Rather than vague excuses 答案直接可以锁定：Bfrank。(2).According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by_.（分数：2.00）A.their expectation of better financial statusB.their need to reflect on their private lifeC.their strained re
46、lations with the boardsD.their pursuit of new career goals 解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词 senior executivesquitting，寻找原因：文章中很明确地说到 with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post答案和原文使用了上下义词的替换；new career goals=CEO post；也是上下义词的替换。有干扰性最大的就是 C 了，后文确实提到了和 board 之间的关系，但是是讲在计划不被批准的时候，并不是和董事会关系紧张，并且董事会的审查
47、是在股东的压力下才执行的。(3).The word “poached“(Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.approved ofB.attended toC.hunted forD.guarded against 解析：解析：细节题。理解这句话：I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has notinstructed me to look at sitting CEOs first我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的 CEO 中寻找人选，这
48、说明那些人都是要去挖的，那么对应的单词就是 huntfor 了。(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.top performers used to cling to their posts B.loyalty of top performers is getting outdatedC.top performers care more about reputationsD.its safer to stick to the traditional rules解析：解析：细节题。段落推理题通过文章的这句话
49、 The traditional rule was its safer to staywhere you are，but thats been fundamentally inverted我们可以直接得出答案 A。The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “ paid“ media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ earned“ media by willingly promoti
