1、考研英语(一)-40 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Directions:(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person“s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else“s. However,
2、there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. “Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it“s particularly important for small business,“ says Rob S
3、heehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.“ Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the fol
4、lowing lineup of skills, strategies and attributes : 1 2Be inclusive: With a smaller operation, it“s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but a
5、lso in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. 2 Mission, not just money: Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that“s not to say that turning a profit is the primary phil
6、osophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. 3 Nothing to fear but fear itself: Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife
7、next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. 4 It“s their careers, too: Don“t
8、forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it“s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. 5 Made, not necessarily born: One final aspect o
9、f being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses wh
10、o got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. A. “It“s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it“s also importan
11、t, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,“ says Sheehan. B. “You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is
12、 treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,“ says Sheehan. C. “People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,“ says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utm
13、ost.“ D. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. E. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapp
14、ed business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers“ health. Not only can a clear mission (responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. F. “This requires a mentality that encourages learn
15、ing rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we“re not going to kill each other if things don“t work out,“ says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the O
16、lympics. It“s a question of what you want to focus on.“（分数：25.00）Today, some 30% of small business owners don“t have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles foll
17、owed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. 6 Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the “door“. 7 Just because you built
18、it doesn“t mean they“ll come: If you aren“t seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it“s time to up the ante. 8 Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Methods contain discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with pa
19、st visitors to your site. 9 Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your
20、per-click ad rates. 10 Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ad
21、s. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding
22、its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn“t able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad doll
23、ars to an online pay-per-click campaignin which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a
24、few months. C. With today“s technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can“t afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. Af
25、ter all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don“t have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including pro
26、duct descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence
27、. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today“s (and tomorrow“s) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very
28、 few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a “last minute deals“ distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, re
29、duced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.（分数：25.00）The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone“ that lists where you went to school and where you“ve worked in chronologica
30、l order. The other is what I call the “functional“ resumedescriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview. It“s handy to have a “tombstone“ for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested “tombstone“ lists, preferring to inte
31、rview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get reada resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. 11 Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about your
32、self. 12 Sell what you can do, not who you are: Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilit
33、ies. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punchif only you show it. 13 Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that “brevity is the best policy.“ 14 Turn bad news into good: Everybody has had disappointment
34、s in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. 15 Never apologize: If you“ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don“t apologize for working at being a mother
35、; it“s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don“t mention education. How to prepare yourself: The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down ev
36、ery accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don“t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give n
37、ames to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before
38、you“ve ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you“ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isn“t that the kind of person you“d
39、want working for you? A. A woman who lost her job as a teacher“s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher“s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.“ B. One resume I received included the following: “invited by
40、 my superior to straighten out our organization“s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.“ Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions h
41、er rewardall in 34 words. C. For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills. D. An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn though not so well educated“. E. One of my former co
42、lleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. F. A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She“d agreed to work without pay f
43、or three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn“t in her resume. She answered, “It wasn“t important.“ What she was really saying of course was “I“m not important.“（分数：25.00）The planets seemed like pretty small places
44、. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air. No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own righ
45、t, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspective. National Research Council (NRC) panels periodically ask whether the world“s planetary exploration programs are on track. The list
46、of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 1. Monitor Earth“s Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on the fritz for years, and the U.S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop prod
47、uctivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 2. Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always seems to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency (ESA) has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would ta
48、ke 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 3. Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists thought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth“s sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes rev
49、ealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 4. Explain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: “Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between those planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system.“ 5. Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across
