1、考研英语(一)-543 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Perhaps more than any other profession, science places a premium on being correct. Of course, most scientists make plenty of mistakes 1 the way. Yet not all errors are created equal. Historians have 2 a number of instances in
2、 which an incorrect idea proved far more 3 than thousands of others that were trivially mistaken or 4 correct. These are the productive mistakes: errors that 5 on deep, fundamental features of the world around us and 6 further research that leads to major 7 . Mistakes they certainly are. But science
3、 would be far worse off without them. Niels Bohr, for example, created a 8 of the atom that was wrong in nearly every way, yet it 9 the quantum-mechanical revolution. 10 enormous skepticism, Alfred Wegener argued 11 centrifugal forces make the continents move (or “drift“) along the surface of the ea
4、rth. He had the right phenomenon, albeit the wrong 12 . And Enrico Fermi thought that he had created nuclei heavier than uranium, rather than (as we now know) having stumbled 13 nuclear fission. Two other instances of productive mistakes, one from physics in the 1970“s and one from biology in the 19
5、40“s illustrate this 14 dramatically. The authors of the mistakes were not hapless bumblers who 15 , in retrospect, to get lucky. 16 they steadfastly asked questions that 17 of their colleagues broached and 18 ideas that not many at the time had considered. In the process, they 19 the critical groun
6、dwork for today“s burgeoning fields of biotechnology and quantum information science. They were 20 , and the world should be thankful for their errors.（分数：10.00）A.alongB.byC.inD.overA.extractedB.unearthedC.ascertainedD.distinguishedA.potentB.effectiveC.seriousD.capableA.reallyB.barelyC.eventuallyD.n
7、arrowlyA.fixB.touchC.knockD.holdA.supportB.upgradeC.promptD.expandA.programsB.breakthroughsC.undertakingsD.agendasA.modelB.sampleC.prototypeD.duplicateA.simulatedB.describedC.inspiredD.demonstratedA.In view ofB.In the face ofC.In anticipation ofD.In the event ofA.whichB.howC.whatD.thatA.procedureB.c
8、ounselC.mechanismD.systemA.atB.onC.intoD.overA.aspectB.featureC.pointD.topicA.happenedB.triedC.stoppedD.continuedA.HoweverB.RatherC.NeverthelessD.HenceA.mostB.noneC.someD.fewA.joinedB.mingledC.combinedD.mergedA.laidB.madeC.pavedD.offeredA.lucklessB.wretchedC.pitifulD.wrong二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，
9、分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Will fatherhood make me happy? That is a question many men have found themselves asking, and the scientific evidence is equivocal. A lot of studies have linked parenthoodparticularly fatherhoodwith lower levels of marital satisfaction and higher
10、 rates of depression than are found among non-parents. To investigate the matter further, psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky decided both to study the existing literature, and to conduct some experiments of her own. The results suggest parenthood in general, and fatherhood in particular, really are bles
11、sings, even though the parent in question might sometimes feel they are in disguise. Dr. Lyubomirsky“s first port of call was the World Values Survey. This is a project which gathers huge amounts of data about the lives of people all around the planet. For the purposes of her research, Dr. Lyubomirs
12、ky looked at the answers 6,906 Americans had given, in four different years, to four particular questions. These were: how many children the responder had; how satisfied he (or she) was with life; how happy he was; and how often he thought about the meaning and purpose of life. She found that parent
13、s had higher happiness, satisfaction and meaning-of-life scores than non-parents. The differences were not huge, but they were statistically significant. Moreover, a closer look showed that the differences in happiness and satisfaction were the result of men“s scores alone going up with parenthood.
14、Those of women did not change. Armed with this result, Dr. Lyubomirsky conducted her own experiment. The problem with projects like the World Values Survey is that, because participants are asked to recall their feelings rather than stating what they are experiencing in the here and now, this might
15、lead them into thinking more fondly in hindsight about their parenting duties. Dr. Lyubomirsky therefore gave pagers to 329 North American volunteers aged between 18 and 94, having first recorded, among other things, their sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, marital status and number of child
16、ren. She told them they would be paged at random, five times a day. When they were so paged, they were asked to complete a brief response sheet about how they felt, then and there. She did not, however, tell them why she was asking these questions. The upshot was the same as her findings from the Wo
17、rld Values Survey. Parents claimed more positive emotions and more meaning in their lives than non-parents, and a closer look revealed that it was lathers who most enjoyed these benefits. It looks, then, as if evolution has bolted into men a psychological mechanism to keep them in the family. At fir
18、st sight, it is strange that women do not share this mechanism, but perhaps they do not need to. They know, after all, that the children are theirs, and that a man“s potential to father an indefinite number of offspring if he can find willing volunteers, might encourage him to stray from the bosom o
19、f his family. Enjoying fatherhood, by contrast, will help keep him in the porch.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “equivocal“ (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.ambiguousB.conclusiveC.explanatoryD.authoritative(2).It can be inferred from the second paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.problem parents ar
20、e excluded from the investigationB.fatherhood is a greater blessing than motherhoodC.parents sometimes hide their true emotionsD.Dr. Lyubomirsky consulted relevant materials(3).According to the passage, the World Values Survey _.（分数：2.00）A.is Dr. Lyubomirsky“s first projectB.contains information on
21、people“s lifeC.takes four years to completeD.involves 6,906 respondents(4).In her experiment, Dr. Lyubomirsky laid emphasis on _.（分数：2.00）A.reminding her subjects of their parenting dutiesB.her subjects helping her with their personal informationC.her subjects recalling their feelings about parentho
22、odD.knowing what her subjects were experiencing on the spot(5).Which of the following can be seen as Dr. Lyubomirsky“s result from her project?（分数：2.00）A.Parents, especially fathers, have higher scores for positive emotions and meaning in life.B.Motherhood can neither make women happier nor more sat
23、isfied.C.Men are psychologically inclined to be kept in the family.D.Fathers are likely to abandon their families in the presence of willing volunteers.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Singapore Airlines (SIA) has long been known for its iconic Singapore Girls, the demurely smiling stewardesses whose beauty
24、and in-flight pampering remind people of a day when aviation was glamorous and profitable. That allure, made famous in ads, drew high-paying premium-class flyers to Singapore Air, which in 2006 became the airline with the highest stock market value in the world. Thanks to belt-tightening by business
25、 travelers and the rapid growth of Middle Eastern airlines intent on offering even more in-cabin luxury, Singapore Air“s passenger count has fallen 12 percent since 2008the biggest drop among 12 major full-service Asia-Pacific carriers. Even worse, Singapore Air, which hasn“t recorded a full-year lo
26、ss since it went public more than a quarter century ago, on May 10 reported red ink for the first quarter and slowed capacity growth at its flagship unit. The carrier, controlled by Singapore state-investment company Temasek Holdings, reported a loss of S $ 38.2 million ($ 31 million) in the three m
27、onths ended March 31, compared with a S $171 million profit a year earlier. Adding to the pressure, the price of jet fuel in Singapore has risen 37 percent since April 2010. Fuel now accounts for 41 percent of Singapore Airlines“ costs vs. an average of 27 percent since 2004. Singapore Air faces gre
28、ater competition on Europe-Asia routes as Emirates Airline and Qatar Airways expand their more centrally located hubs and win premium passengers with improved front-cabin service. At the same time, regional and economy travelers are being targeted by low-fare airlines such as AirAsia (AIRA) and the
29、Jetstar unit of Qantas Airways (QAN). At Singapore“s Changi Airport, Emirates and Qatar now operate a total of 74 flights a week. Low-cost carriers including Tiger Airways Holdings, part-owned by Singapore Air, have boosted their share of Changi“s passengers to 26 percent last year, from 5.6 percent
30、 in 2005. Singapore Air now accounts for about a third of Changi“s passengers, down from more than half in 2008. With its front-cabin business under pressure, Singapore Air“s management is moving to increase the airline“s presence in the low-fare market. Besides its 33 percent stake in Tiger Air, Si
31、ngapore Air is setting up a long-haul discount operator called Scoot. It will start budget flights from its base in Singapore to Tianjin in China, Bangkok, Sydney, and Australia“s Gold Coast this year. Singapore Air may have little choice since business travelers, long the backbone of its profitabil
32、ity, are trading down. The carrier isn“t expecting a robust turnabout anytime soon: It recently began offering some of its pilots up to two years of unpaid leave to seek work with other carriers. “The world has changed for them,“ says Peter Harbison, chairman of the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation.
33、 “The days of being able to rely on the Singapore Girl to pull people in are gone.“（分数：10.00）(1).Why did premium-class travelers use to choose Singapore Airlines?（分数：2.00）A.Because they liked beautiful Singapore girls.B.Because they got to know the carrier by ads.C.Because the carrier provided luxur
34、y in-cabin services.D.Because the carrier had the highest stock market value.(2).The main challenge that Singapore Air faces is that _.（分数：2.00）A.its passenger count is dropping sharplyB.it just reported a full-year lost this MayC.it experienced a slow capacity growth at its flagship unitD.its incom
35、e is decreasing while spending increasing(3).Paragraphs 4 and 5 suggest that _.（分数：2.00）A.Emirates Airline and Qatar Airways are battling for local passengersB.travelers are likely to be drawn to lower-priced AIRA and the Jetstar unit of QANC.Emirates and Qatar occupy a small share of Changi“s passe
36、ngersD.Tiger Airways Holdings accounts for about a quarter of Changi“s passengers(4).The author“s attitude towards Singapore Air can be described as _.（分数：2.00）A.pitifulB.concernedC.impartialD.pessimistic(5).The best title for this article could be _.（分数：2.00）A.Rising Competition of Singapore Airlin
37、esB.Various Choices for Singapore AirlinesC.Measures in face of Singapore Air“s CrisisD.Improvement of Singapore Air“s Management六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)This spring I was on a panel at the Woodstock Writers Festival. An audience asked a question: Why had the revolution dreamed up in the late 1960s m
38、ostly been won on the social and cultural frontswomen“s rights, gay rights, black president, ecology, sex, drugs, rock and rollbut lost in the economic realm, with old-school free-market ideas gaining traction all the time? There was a long pause. People shrugged and sighed. I had an epiphany, which
39、 I offered, disappointing everybody in the room. What has happened politically, economically, culturally and socially since the sea change of the late 1960s isn“t contradictory or disharmonious. It“s all of a piece. For hippies and bohemians as for businesspeople and investors, extreme individualism
40、 has been triumphant. Selfishness won. From the beginning, the American idea embodied a tension between radical individualism and the demands of the commonweal. The document we“re celebrating today says in its second line that axiomatic human rights include “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happines
41、s“individualism in a nutshell. But the Declaration“s author was not a greed-is-good guy: “Self-love,“ Jefferson wrote to a friend 38 years after the Declaration, “is no part of morality. Indeed it is exactly its counterpart.“ Periodically Americans have gone overboard indulging our propensities to s
42、elf-gratificationduring the 1840s, during the Gilded Age, and again in the Roaring Twenties. Yet each time, thanks to economic crises and reassertions of moral disapproval, a rough equilibrium between individualism and the civic good was restored. During the two decades after World War II, pressures
43、 of bourgeois social norms were powerful. To dress or speak or live life in unorthodox, extravagantly individualist ways required real gumption. Sex outside marriage was shameful, beards and divorce were outrbut so were boasting of one“s wealth and blaming unfortunates for their hard luck. But then
44、came the late 1960s, and over the next two decades American individualism was fully unleashed. Going forward, the youthful masses of every age would be permitted as never before to indulge their self-expressive and hedonistic impulses. “Do your own thing“ is not so different than “every man for hims
45、elf.“ If it feels good, do it, whether that means smoking weed and watching porn and never wearing a necktie, retiring at 50 with a six-figure public pension and refusing modest gun regulation, or moving your factories overseas and letting commercial banks become financial speculators. Thanks to the
46、 1960s, we are all shamelessly selfish. In that letter from 1814, Jefferson wrote that our tendencies toward selfishness where liberty and our pursuit of happiness lead us require “correctives which are supplied by education“ and by “the moralist, the preacher, and legislator.“ On this Independence
47、Day, I“m doing my small preacherly bit.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 8, we can infer that _.（分数：2.00）A.the audience asking the question was a supporter of old-school free-market ideasB.the author disappointed his audience for his corrective of individualism in his answerC.businesspeople
48、and investors were too disharmonious to win the economic revolutionD.the radical change of the late 1960s was all of a piece except in the economic realm(2).We learn from Paragraph 4 that _.（分数：2.00）A.Americans value individualism as much as commonwealB.“Life, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness“ don“t
49、 apply everywhereC.strictly speaking, self-love is not a part of moralityD.Jefferson regarded morality more important than self-love(3).Which of the following is true of the 1840s, the Gilded Age, and the Roaring Twenties?（分数：2.00）A.Americans indulged themselves to self-satisfaction slightly.B.Each time, there was a global economic recession.C.Individualism and the civic virtue were generally balanced.D.Moral problems were severely criticized.(4).According to Paragraph 6, bourgeois social norms _.（分数：2.00）A.required people to
