1、考研英语(一)-48 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money. He may 1 the repayment of the money at any time, either 2 cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person. 3 , the banker customer relationship
2、 is that of debtor and creditor who is 4 depending on whether the customer“s account is 5 credit or is overdrawn. But, in 6 to that basically simple concept,“ the bank and its customer 7 a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give 8 to problems and complications
3、but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is 9 against him. The bank must 10 its customer“s instructions, and not those of anyone else. 11 , for example, a customer opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in 12 of checks drawn by himse
4、lf. He gives the bank 13 of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or 14 to pay out a customer“s money 15 a check on which its customer“s signature has been 16 . It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very 17 one, the bank must recognize its customer
5、“s signature. For this reason there is no 18 to the customer in the practice, 19 by banks, of printing the customer“s name on his checks. If this 20 forgery, it is the bank that will lose, not the customer.（分数：10.00）A.acquireB.depositC.demandD.deriveA.forB.throughC.asD.inA.HoweverB.PrimarilyC.Moreov
6、erD.PresumablyA.whichB.whatC.howD.thatA.onB.withC.inD.forA.supportB.contrastC.regardD.additionA.oweB.commitC.attributeD.embarkA.purposeB.riseC.priorityD.thoughtA.loadedB.offendedC.discriminatedD.directedA.conformB.complyC.obeyD.abideA.UnlessB.AlthoughC.SinceD.WhenA.respectB.chargeC.lineD.placeA.spec
7、ificsB.signsC.symbolsD.specimensA.reputationB.prestigeC.authorityD.impactA.byB.onC.withD.forA.printedB.confirmedC.forgedD.justifiedA.delicateB.skillfulC.unusualD.uniqueA.riskB.guaranteeC.faultD.benefitA.engagedB.intendedC.adaptedD.adoptedA.contributesB.facilitatesC.resultsD.leads二、Section Reading Co
8、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of “ecocide“ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following. A large nuclear plant like that i
9、n Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it
10、is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the .U.S. Occupa
11、tional Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers“ Unions report that the 2-f
12、iber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40-70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question,
13、out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. “We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker,“ states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medic
14、al School in New York. It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the “Watergate cover-
15、up. “ “There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities,“ summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have b
16、een killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the “safe limit“ imposed by Dow Chemical Company.（分数：10.00）(1).By “ecocide“ the author most probably means（分数：2.00）A
17、.waste utilizationB.ecological balanceC.radioactive reactionD.massive bio-destruction(2).According to the text, the author mentions plutonium in paragraph 1 to（分数：2.00）A.estimate the amount of nuclear material in EuropeB.exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancerC.highlight the measures nee
18、ded to prevent lung cancerD.show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials(3).The style of the second paragraph is mainly（分数：2.00）A.factualB.sarcasticC.emotionalD.argumentative(4).According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in that（分数：2.00）A.productio
19、n could not be haltedB.they failed to take safety measuresC.research was not pursued to a solutionD.safety equipment was not adequately provided(5).It can be inferred from the text that the author believes that（分数：2.00）A.nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancerB.to
20、ugh legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicalsC.more research is required into the causes of cancer before further progress can be madeD.industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancer-causing agents五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The topic of
21、 cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific communit
22、y advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction. The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with fe
23、w survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techni
24、ques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process. With the estimated population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the tec
25、hnique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally. The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to
26、the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivere
27、d from the black bear host. Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered s
28、pecies exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species“ habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and
29、 ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue.（分数：10.00）(1).The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in paragraph 1 in order to（分数：2.00）A.identify the issues that will not be addressed in the textB.reveal an area of interest that will be explored later
30、in the textC.identify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy todayD.draw the reader“s attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning(2).The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order to（分数：2.00）A.show t
31、hat cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeededB.argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloningC.show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeededD.demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certai
32、n species(3).Paragraph 4 is written in order to（分数：2.00）A.detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the pastB.guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda populationC.demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda
33、species is a feasible goalD.inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population(4).The main purpose of the last paragraph is to（分数：2.00）A.argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloningB.display both sides“ arguments on another contentious issue
34、in cloningC.redirect the readers“ attention to the previously raised issue of ethics in cloningD.provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique(5).It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the best candidate for cloning would be（分数：
35、2.00）A.Giant PandasB.an endangered species with many living related speciesC.the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully appliedD.those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Pronouncing a
36、language is a skill. Every normal person is an expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reaso
37、n why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign langu
38、age is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concer
39、ned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving
40、his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place. Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the seco
41、nd, technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get
42、a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students“ pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesso
43、n time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted. But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique. Now the first and most importan
44、t part of a language teacher“s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student“s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should
45、be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a
46、 native speaker himself or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?（分数：2.00）A.Only a few people are really proficientB.No one is really an expert in the skillC.There aren“t m
47、any people who are even fairly goodD.There are even some people who are moderately proficient(2).The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way is（分数：2.00）A.an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctlyB.a fundamental consequence of not speaking wellC.a con
48、sequence of not grasping the problem correctlyD.not an obvious cause of speaking poorly(3).What is it that teachers are said to be inclined to forget?（分数：2.00）A.The practical teaching of languagesB.The importance of a good accentC.The principle of phonetic theoryD.The teaching of pronunciation in th
49、e classroom(4).The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon（分数：2.00）A.how closely he attends to the matterB.whether it is English that is being taughtC.his teacher“s approach to pronunciationD.the importance normally given to grammar and spelling(5).According to the text, in relation to someone teaching his own language to foreigners, audio-visual aids can（分数：2.00）A.completely replace his own teaching performanceB.provide alternative samples of native speechC.help to improve teaching quality to a great extentD.provide a perfect model for language students to follow七、Te
