1、考研英语(一)真题 2016 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own
2、 and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man“s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure
3、 its child is marrying 6 a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9
4、 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride“s and groom“s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife“s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby. Divo
5、rce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn“t have a waiti
6、ng period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.（分数：10.00）A.by way ofB.on behalf ofC.as well asD.with regard toA.adapt toB.provide forC.compete withD.decide onA.closeB.renewC.arrangeD.postponeA.Above allB.In theoryC.In timeD.For exampleA.AlthoughB.LestC.AfterD.UnlessA.intoB.withinC
7、.fromD.throughA.sinceB.butC.orD.soA.copyB.testC.reciteD.createA.foldingB.pilingC.wrappingD.tyingA.passingB.lightingC.hidingD.servingA.meetingB.collectionC.associationD.unionA.growB.partC.dealD.liveA.whereasB.untilC.ifD.forA.obtainB.followC.challengeD.avoidA.isolatedB.persuadedC.viewedD.exposedA.what
8、everB.howeverC.wheneverD.whereverA.changedB.broughtC.shapedD.pushedA.withdrawnB.investedC.donatedD.dividedA.breaksB.warmsC.showsD.clearsA.so thatB.whileC.onceD.in that二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)France, which prides itself as the global innovator
9、 of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessiv
10、e thinness“ by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That“s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to deathas so
11、me have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men ) that they should
12、not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a cul
13、ture that still regards beauty as skin-deepand bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornmen
14、t and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France“s actions, Denmark“s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanc
15、tions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.“ The charter“s main tool of enforcement
16、is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best
17、step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?（分数：2.00）A.New runways would be constructed.B.Physical beauty would be redefined.C.Websites about dieting wo
18、uld thrive.D.The fashion industry would decline.(2).The phrase “impinging on“ (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.heightening the value ofB.indicating the state ofC.losing faith inD.doing harm to(3).Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?（分数：2.00）A.New standards a
19、re being set in Denmark.B.The French measures have already failed.C.Models are no longer under peer pressure.D.Its inherent problems are getting worse.(4).A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for _.（分数：2.00）A.pursuing perfect physical conditionsB.caring too much about models“ characterC.s
20、howing little concern for health factorsD.setting a high age threshold for models(5).Which of the following may be the best title of the text?（分数：2.00）A.A Challenge to the Fashion Industry“s Body IdealsB.A Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceC.Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD.The Grea
21、t Threats to the Fashion Industry五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside“ alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS
22、) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.“ It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisur
23、e where they could experience “a refreshing air.“ Hill“s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don“t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely t
24、o endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives“ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan“ building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinu
25、e local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. The sensibl
26、e place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. what is true of Londo
27、n is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis“ equals “concreted meadows“ is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours o
28、ut-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin ur ban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Deve
29、lopment should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe“s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternativethe corrupte
30、d landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.（分数：10.00）(1).Britain“s public sentiment about the countryside _.（分数：2.00）A.didn“t start till the Shakespearean ageB.has brought much benefit to the N
31、HSC.is fully backed by the royal familyD.is not well reflected in politics(2).According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being _.（分数：2.00）A.gradually destroyedB.effectively reinforcedC.largely overshadowedD.properly protected(3).Which of the following can be inferred fr
32、om Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.Labour is under attack for opposing development.B.The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan“ building.C.The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D.Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.(4).The author holds that George Osborne“s preference _.（分数：2.0
33、0）A.highlights his firm stand against lobby pressureB.shows his disregard for the character of rural areasC.stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisD.reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas(5).In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of _.（分数：2.00）A.the size of popu
34、lation in BritainB.the political life in today“s BritainC.the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainD.the town-and-country planning in Britain六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,“ wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use i
35、ts resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.“ But even if you accept Friedman“s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders“ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary v
36、alue for companiesat least when they are prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR s
37、pending as a “signal“ that a company“s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company“s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,“ whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consu
38、mers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America“s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors d
39、o not consume a company“s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it
40、was firms“ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines. In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be i
41、nfluenced by a company“s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,“ says one resea
42、rcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demon
43、strated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.（分数：10.00）(1).The author views Milton Friedman“s statement about CSR with _.（分数：2.00）A.toleranceB.skepticismC.uncertaintyD.approval(2).According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a com
44、pany by _.（分数：2.00）A.winning trust from consumersB.guarding it against malpracticesC.protecting it from being defamedD.raising the quality of its products(3).The expression “more lenient“ (Line 2, Para. 4 ) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.more effectiveB.less controversialC.less severeD.more l
45、asting(4).When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company“s CSR record _.（分数：2.00）A.has an impact on their decisionB.comes across as reliable evidenceC.increases the chance of being penalizedD.constitutes part of the investigation(5).Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph
46、?（分数：2.00）A.Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.B.The necessary amount of companies“ spending on it is unknown.C.Companies“ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There will eventually come a
47、day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,“ the paper“s publisher said back in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there“s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infras
48、tructure required to make a physical newspaperprinting presses, delivery trucksisn“t just expen sive; it“s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don“t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their onli
49、ne and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining. Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mis take, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti. Peretti says the Times shouldn“t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,“ he said, “but if you discontinue it, you“re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.“ Sometimes that“s
