1、2016 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 【B1
2、】_those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can【B2】_a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to【B3 】_the marriage negotiations, or the young mans parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 【B4】 _, a girl may veto the spouse
3、 her parents have chosen. 【B5】_a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying【B6】_a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 【B7】 _by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhi
4、st priests offer a short sermon and【 B8】_prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 【B9】_cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and【B10】_a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the【B11】_Newlyweds tradit
5、ionally move in with the wifes parents and may【B12】_with them up to a year, 【B13】_they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to【B14】_, but not common. Divorced persons are【 B15】_with some disapproval. Each spouse retains【B16】_property he or she【B17】_into the marriage, and jointly-ac
6、quired property is【B18】_equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice【B19】_up: The divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry【B20】_the woman must wait ten months.1 【B1 】（A）by way of（B） as well as（C） on behalf of（D）with regard to2 【B2 】（A）adapt to（B） provide for（
7、C） compete with（D）decide on3 【B3 】（A）renew（B） close（C） arrange（D）postpone4 【B4 】（A）In theory（B） In time（C） Above all（D）For example5 【B5 】（A）Although（B） Lest（C） After（D）Unless6 【B6 】（A）into（B） within（C） from（D）through7 【B7 】（A）since（B） or（C） but（D）so8 【B8 】（A）test（B） copy（C） recite（D）create9 【B9 】（A）
8、folding（B） piling（C） wrapping（D）tying 10 【B10 】（A）lighting（B） passing（C） hiding（D）serving 11 【B11 】（A）association（B） meeting（C） collection（D）union 12 【B12 】（A）grow（B） part（C） deal（D）live13 【B13 】（A）whereas（B） until（C） for（D）if14 【B14 】（A）obtain（B） follow（C） challenge（D）avoid15 【B15 】（A）isolated（B） p
9、ersuaded（C） viewed（D）exposed16 【B16 】（A）wherever（B） however（C） whenever（D）whatever17 【B17 】（A）changed（B） brought（C） shaped（D）pushed18 【B18 】（A）divided（B） invested（C） donated（D）withdrawn19 【B19 】（A）clears（B） warms（C） shows（D）breaks20 【B20 】（A）while（B） once（C） so that（D）in thatPart ADirections: Read t
10、he following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approv
11、al last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness“ by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that
12、end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to deathas some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the socia
13、l tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect r
14、ather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deepand bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body ma
15、ss could result in a $ 85 ,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion imag
16、es that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and
17、take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.“ The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies
18、 on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21 According to the first paragraph, what w
19、ould happen in France?（A）Physical beauty would be redefined.（B） New runways would be constructed.（C） Websites about dieting would thrive.（D）The fashion industry would decline.22 The phrase “impinging on“(Line 2, Para. 2)is closest in meaning to（A）indicating the state of.（B） heightening the value of.
20、（C） losing faith in.（D）doing harm to.23 Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?（A）The French measures have already failed.（B） New standards are being set in Denmark.（C） Models are no longer under peer pressure.（D）Its inherent problems are getting worse.24 A designer is most likely to
21、 be rejected by CFW for（A）pursuing perfect physical conditions.（B） caring too much about models character.（C） showing little concern for health factors.（D）setting a high age threshold for models.25 Which of the following may be the best title of the text?（A）A Challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body
22、Ideals.（B） Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty（C） A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France（D）The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.25 For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the
23、 countryside“ alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service(NHS)as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for
24、 everyone forever.“ It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.“ Hills pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It ne
25、eds constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan“ building where local people might object. The concept of sustaina
26、ble development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Pr
27、otect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million house
28、s in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis“ equals “concreted meadows“ is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George O
29、sborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects the
30、ir character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitt
31、ing low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternativethe corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26 Britains public sentiment about the countryside（A）has brought much be
32、nefit to the NHS.（B） is fully backed by the royal family.（C） didnt start till the Shakespearean age.（D）is not well reflected in politics.27 According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being（A）largely overshadowed.（B） properly protected.（C） effectively reinforced.（D）gradu
33、ally destroyed.28 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?（A）Labour is under attack for opposing development.（B） The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan“ building.（C） Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.（D）The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.29 The
34、author holds that George Osbornes preference（A）shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.（B） stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.（C） highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.（D）reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30 In the last paragraph, the author show
35、s his appreciation of（A）the size of population in Britain.（B） the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.（C） the town-and-country planning in Britain.（D）the political life in todays Britain.30 “There is one and only one social responsibility of business,“ wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning ec
36、onomist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.“ But even if you accept Friedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CS
37、R may create monetary value for companiesat least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $ 15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, c
38、onsumers may take CSR spending as a “signal“ that a companys products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a companys products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,“ whereby its good deeds earn it greater con
39、sideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americas Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA). It argues that s
40、ince prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the poss
41、ibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they d
42、o seem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,“ s
43、ays one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least the
44、y have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31 The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR with（A）tolerance.（B） skepticism.（C） approval.（D）uncertainty.32 According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a compan
45、y by（A）guarding it against malpractices.（B） protecting it from being defamed.（C） winning trust from consumers.（D）raising the quality of its products.33 The expression “more lenient“(Line 2, Para. 4)is closest in meaning to（A）less controversial.（B） more effective.（C） more lasting.（D）less severe.34 Wh
46、en prosecutors evaluate a case, a companys CSR record（A）comes across as reliable evidence.（B） has an impact on their decision.（C） increases the chance of being penalized.（D）constitutes part of the investigation.35 Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?（A）The necessar
47、y amount of companies spending on it is unknown.（B） Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.（C） Companies financial capacity for it has been overestimated.（D）It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.35 There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publ
48、ish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,“ the papers publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspape
49、rprinting presses, delivery trucksisnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online-only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah
