1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题 2016 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：20.00)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, _1_those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can _2_ a likely spouse
2、on his own and then ask his parents to _3_the marriage negotiations, or the young mans parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. _4_, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. _5_ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other
3、 to make sure its child is marrying _6_ a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, _7_1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _8_ prayers of blessing. Par-ts of the ceremony involve ritual hai
4、r cutting,_9_cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and _10_a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the _11_. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may_12_ with them up to a year, _13_they can build a new house
5、 nearby. Divorce is legal and easy to _14_, but not common. Divorced persons are _15_ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains _16_ property he or she _17_ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is _18_ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice _19_up. The divorced ma
6、le doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry _20_the woman must wait ten months. （分数：20.00）A.by way ofB.with regard toC.on behalf ofD.as well asA.decide onB.provide forC.compete withD.adapt toA.closeB.arrangeC.renewD.postponeA.In theoryB.Above allC.In timeD.For exampleA.UnlessB.LessC.AfterD
7、.AlthoughA.intoB.withinC.fromD.throughA.orB.sinceC.butD.soA.testB.copyC.reciteD.createA.foldingB.pilingC.wrappingD.tyingA.passingB.lightingC.hidingD.servingA.associationB.meetingC.collectionD.unionA.dealB.partC.growD.liveA.whereasB.untilC.forD.ifA.avoidB.followC.challengeD.obtainA.isolatedB.persuade
8、dC.viewedD.exposedA.whereverB.whateverC.wheneverD.howeverA.changedB.broughtC.shapedD.pushedA.investedB.dividedC.donatedD.withdrawnA.warmsB.clearsC.showsD.breaksA.whileB.so thatC.onceD.in that二、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：20.00)Text1 France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has dec
9、ided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promo
10、ting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death as some have done. It tel
11、ls the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arb
12、iters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regar
13、ds beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body
14、 types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the ag
15、e, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for de
16、signers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would
17、 be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. （分数：5.00）(1).According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France? （分数：1.00）A.Physical beauty would be redefined.B.New runways would be constructed.C.Websites about dieting would thrive.D.The fashio
18、n industry would decline.(2).The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.heightening the value ofB.indicating the state ofC.losing faith inD.doing harm to(3).Which of the following is true of the fashion industry？ （分数：1.00）A.The French measures have already failed.B.N
19、ew standards are being set in Denmark.C.Models are no longer under peer pressure.D.Its inherent problems are getting worse.(4).A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for （分数：1.00）A.pursuing perfect physical conditionsB.caring too much about models character.C.showing little concern for heal
20、th factorsD.setting a high age threshold for models.(5).Which of the following may be the best title of the text? （分数：1.00）A.A Challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body IdealsB.A Dilemma for the Starving models in FranceC.Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD.The Great Threats to the Fashion Indu
21、stryText 2 For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country,
22、this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”
23、Hills pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservativesplanning refo
24、rm explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation， even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Libe
25、ral Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where pe
26、ople are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that”housing crisis”e
27、quals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free m
28、arket but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowed country. Half a
29、century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative - the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the
30、left and right of the political spectrum.（分数：5.00）(1).Britains public sentiment about the countryside （分数：1.00）A.has brought much benefit to the NHS.B.didnt start till the Shakespearean age.C.is fully backed by the royal family.D.is not well reflected in politics.(2).According to Paragraph 2，the ach
31、ievements of the National Trust are now being （分数：1.00）A.gradually destroyed.B.effectively reinforced.C.properly protected.D.largely overshadowed.(3).which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3? （分数：1.00）A.Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.B.the Conservatives may aban
32、don ”off -plan“ building.C.the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D.labour is under attack for opposing development.(4).the author holds that George Osbornes preference （分数：1.00）A.reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.B.shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C.st
33、resses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.D.highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.(5).In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of （分数：1.00）A.the size of population in Britain.B.the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.C.the town-and-country planning in Britain.D.the
34、political life in today is Britain.TEXT3 “There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedmans premise and regar
35、d corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms in America and Britain together spend
36、more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a companys products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a companys produ
37、cts as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by a
38、ll three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americas Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study
39、 found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more t
40、o political campaigns did not receive lower fines. In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child
41、 labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials”, says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it
42、reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.（分数：5.0
43、0）(1).The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR with （分数：1.00）A.toleranceB.skepticismC.uncertaintyD.approval(2).According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by （分数：1.00）A.winning trust from consumers.B.guarding it against malpractices.C.protecting it from being defamed.D.raising the qual
44、ity of its products.(3).The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.more effectiveB.less controversialC.less severeD.more lasting(4).When prosecutors evaluate a case, a companys CSR regard （分数：1.00）A.has an impact on their decisionB.comes across as reliable eviden
45、ceC.increases the chance of being penalizedD.constitutes part of the investigation(5).Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.B.The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown.C.Companies f
46、inancial capacity for it has been overestimated.D.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4 There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the papers publ
47、isher said back in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper printing presses, delivery trucks isnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online-only competitors dont have
48、 the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print away. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining. Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mis
49、take, says BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti. Peretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.” Fighting out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, youre going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes thats worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresi
