1、考研英语-试卷 251及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank (1)_ a new electronic market ( for ec
2、onomic indices that (2)_ substantial economic risks, such as nonfarm payroll (a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a (3)_ trading technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, (4)_ the Parimutuel Digi
3、tal Call Auction. This is “digital“ (5)_ of a digital option: i.e., it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each “horse“ wins if and (6)_ the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for ever
4、y possible (7)_ of the index, and allowing people to bet (8)_ any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices. Ten years ago it was (9)_ impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mort
5、gage lenders have online automated valuation models that allow them to estimate values and to (10)_ the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of (11)_ have improved risk-management characteristics. We are also beginning to see new kinds of (12)_ for ho
6、mes, which will make it possible to protect the value of (13)_, for most people, is the single most important (14)_ of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, (15)_ last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York State, may be a model for home-equity insura
7、nce policies that (16)_ sophisticated economic indices of house prices to define the (17)_ of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now (18)_ developed in the United States, will e
8、nable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks that they acquire by writing these policies. These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they (19)_ as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that (20)_ will beset us in coming y
9、ears.（分数：40.00）A.createdB.generatedC.initiatedD.originatedA.reproduceB.restoreC.representD.resumeA.sophisticatedB.expensiveC.availableD.establishedA.madeB.calledC.askedD.readA.in the courseB.in the eventC.in the lightD.in the senseA.whenB.untilC.now thatD.only ifA.extentB.rangeC.lineD.areaA.forB.inC
10、.onD.upA.virtuallyB.admittedlyC.absolutelyD.originallyA.assumeB.assessC.dismissD.eraseA.themB.whichC.thatD.whomA.managementB.insuranceC.securityD.techonologyA.whatB.thoseC.whereD.itA.guaranteeB.protectionC.componentD.sourceA.securedB.sponsoredC.releasedD.launchedA.look toB.set upC.lay downD.rely onA
11、.termsB.specificationsC.conceptsD.consequencesA.isB.beingC.beenD.areA.emergeB.appearC.standD.ariseA.somehowB.anywayC.otherwiseD.thereby二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
12、choosing A, B, C or D._It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one
13、 of the 3 billion DNA “letters“ in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the gov
14、ernment“s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking
15、 a step toward a period of calm. HOP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), t
16、hat both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being). No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soonthe “finish lines“ each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts
17、“ rather than the definitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they“ve been in years, insiders say I that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up this F
18、ebruary when Britain“s Welcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP“s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do“, but by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors“, V
19、enter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful“. At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other“s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit By late last
20、week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday“s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins“. With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able t
21、o get down to the interesting stuff, figuring how to make use of all that data.（分数：10.00）(1).The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of（分数：2.00）A.the enthusiasm in scientific research.B.the significance of the space race.C.the public versus private conflict.D.the prospect of the completion of DNA seque
22、ne.(2).The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is（分数：2.00）A.astonished.B.enthusiastic.C.disappointed.D.objective.(3).It is implied in the third paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the “finish lines“ does mean what it reads.B.the sequencing“ machines have stopped at the “finis
23、h lines“.C.the former warriors are now collaborators.D.both sides will work on independently.(4).The word “thaw“ (Para. 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.aggravation in tension.B.improvement in relation.C.intensification in attacks.D.stoppage of coordination.(5).The critical thing facing the scientis
24、ts is to（分数：2.00）A.apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankind.B.end their horse race for the success of science.C.get down to their genome research.D.set their differences asideAt the start of the year, The Independent on Sunday argued that there were three overwhelming reasons why Ir
25、aq should not be invaded: there was no proof that Saddam posed an imminent threat; Iraq would be even more unstable as a result of its liberation; and a conflict would increase the threat posed by terrorists. What we did not know was that Tony Blair had received intelligence and advice that raised t
26、he very same points. Last week“s report from the Intelligence and Security Committee included the revelation that some of the intelligence had warned that a war against Iraq risked an increased threat of terrorism. Why did Mr. Blair not make this evidence available to the public in the way that so m
27、uch of the alarmist intelligence on Saddam“s weapons was published? Why did he choose to ignore the intelligence and argue instead that the war was necessary, precisely because of the threat posed by international terrorism? There have been two parliamentary investigations into this war and the Hutt
28、on inquiry will reopen tomorrow. In their different ways they have been illuminating, but none of them has addressed the main issues relating to the war. The Foreign Affairs Committee had the scope to range widely, but chose to become entangled in the dispute between the Government and the BBC. The
29、Intelligence Committee reached the conclusion that the Government“s file on Saddam“s weapons was not mixed up, but failed to explain why the intelligence was so hopelessly wrong. The Hutton inquiry is investigating the death of Dr. David Kelly, a personal tragedy of marginal relevance to the war aga
30、inst Iraq. Tony Blair has still to come under close examination about his conduct in the building-up to war. Instead, the Defence Secretary, Geoff Hoon, is being fingered as if he were master-minding the war behind everyone“s backs from the Ministry“ of Defence. Mr. Hoon is not a minister who dares
31、to think without consulting Downing Street first. At all times he would have been dancing to Downing Street“s tunes, Mr. Blair would be wrong to assume that he can draw a line under all of this by making Mr. Hoon the fall-guy. It was Mr. Blair who decided to take Britain to war, and a Cabinet of lar
32、gely skeptical ministers that backed him. It was Mr. Blair who told MPs that unless Saddam was removed, terrorists would pose a greater global threateven though he had received intelligence that suggested a war would lead to an increase in terrorism. Parliament should be the forum in which the Prime
33、 Minister is called more fully to account, but lain Duncan Smith“s support for the war has neutered an already inept opposition. In the absence of proper parliamentary scrutiny, it is left to newspapers like this one to keep asking the most important questions until the Prime Minister answers them.（
34、分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the first two paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.the evidence should have been made available to the Parliament.B.the necessity of war has been exaggerated by the Committee.C.Blair had purposely ignored some of the intelligence he received.D.it was The Independent that first reveal
35、ed the intelligence.(2).The author thinks that the Hutton enquiry is（分数：2.00）A.also beside the mark.B.hopelessly wrong.C.illuminating in its way.D.wide in scope(3).By “chose to become entangled“ (Para. 3), the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.the dispute between the Government and the BBC was unnecessa
36、ry.B.the Foreign Affairs Committee had mixed up the argument.C.it was entirely wrong to carry out such investigations.D.the Intelligence Committee shouldn“t mix up with the affair.(4).It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that（分数：2.00）A.most ministers were suspicious of Hoon“s conduct.B.Hoon will not d
37、o anything without consulting Blair.C.Blair should not divert his responsibility to his Cabinet.D.MPs think that it is Blair who drags the country into the war.(5).What is the author“s attitude towards the Parliament?（分数：2.00）A.Indignant.B.Skeptical.C.Inquisitive.D.Critical.Scholastic thinkers held
38、a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief conc
39、ern of the Scholastics was net to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance. The basic aim of the
40、 Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he co
41、uld not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching
42、 of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologian“s decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century
43、, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used
44、 philosophy to understand and explain revelation. This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only ph
45、ilosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroe“s maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of
46、Islamic theology. As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish
47、the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.（分数：10.00）(1).With the Scholastics, the sea
48、rch for new knowledge（分数：2.00）A.stopped completely,B.sped down.C.advanced rapidly.D.awaked gradually.(2).Which of the following best illustrate the relation between reason and revelation?（分数：2.00）A.They are simply identical.B.Revelation guides reason.C.They are occasionally contradictory.D.Reason is used to perfect revelation.(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that（分数：2.00）A.the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted.B.religion had turn into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy.C.philo
