1、考研英语-试卷 54及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Productivity is the yardstick by which socioeconomic revolutions are measured. Plows in
2、itiated the agrarian revolution by greatly improving the productivity of farmers. Engines, and (1)_ electricity, (2)_ the industrial revolutions by (3)_ improving the productivity of workers in manufacturing and transportation. If there is to be a true in formation revolution, then computers will ha
3、ve to (4)_ the pattern with information and information work. Information technology has (5)_ begun to improve productivity, and it has even hurt it in some cases; it takes longer to wade (6)_ those endless automated phone answering menus (7)_ it does to talk to a human operator. (8)_, productivity
4、will rise (9)_ computers and communications are used in the Information Marketplace to relieve people of brain work (10)_ industrial machinery relieved us of physical work. The Information Marketplace will give (11)_ to two great new forces that will drive (12)_ in the twenty-first century. (13)_, m
5、ost people and companies buy new computers because the hardware has faster processors or more storage capacity, or because it is fashionable to own a new model, (14)_ because competitors have bought them and “we can“t afford to fall behind.“ Imagine the (15)_ of a company buying a new device be caus
6、e the motor turns at a higher (16)_, or because it“s in vogue to do so, or because the competition just bought that model (17)_ of whether the machine can move any more earth in an hour! Let“s explore how the Information marketplace might help us in the (18)_ quest to get more results for less (19)_
7、. To do this, we will first examine a series of “faults“ways in which computer technology is (20)_ today, because of either technological or human weaknesses. Correcting these faults will be the first step toward increasing our productivity. Making the Information Marketplace easier to use will be t
8、he second step.（分数：40.00）A.sinceB.thenC.beforeD.laterA.summonedB.introducedC.triggeredD.measuredA.slightlyB.considerablyC.completelyD.drasticallyA.repeatB.remoldC.retrieveD.relateA.barelyB.definitelyC.particularlyD.rarelyA.intoB.onC.throughD.offA.thatB.thanC.asD.whichA.In effectB.ConsequentlyC.In a
9、senseD.HoweverA.untilB.althoughC.onceD.becauseA.as much asB.other thanC.so long asD.rather thanA.riseB.thoughtC.playD.priorityA.questB.fashionC.changeD.paceA.For exampleB.AccordinglyC.On the averageD.NeverthelessA.but ratherB.orC.or elseD.butA.sensibilityB.absurdityC.popularityD.peculiarityA.noticeB
10、.ratioC.speedD.randomA.regardlessB.suspiciousC.tolerantD.observantA.desirableB.universalC.eternalD.faultlessA.motionB.measureC.meansD.laborA.disabledB.misusedC.untappedD.ignored二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts
11、. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Yasuhisa Shizoki, a 51-year-old MP from Japan“s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his finger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. “Unless we change the decision-making process,“ he says bluntly, “we are
12、 not going to be able to solve this kind of problem.“ With the economy in such a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japan“s political structures as well as its economic problems. Since co-writing a report on political reform, which was released by an LDP panel last week,
13、 Mr. Shizoki has further upset the party“s old guard. Its legionaries, flanked by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichiro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appealing directly to the public. Yet nearly a year
14、 after becoming prime minister, Mr. Koizumi has precious little to show for his efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt. As hopes of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential benefit of Mr. Koizumi“s tenure. They hope t
15、hat his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a permanent change in Japanese politics: towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held directly accountable for their policies. As that happens, the thinking goes, real economic reforms will be able to follow. Unfor
16、tunately, damage-limitation in the face of scandal too often substitutes for real reform. More often, the scandals serve merely as distractions. What is really needed is an overhaul of the rules themselves. A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old systeminformal but religiously followed-thr
17、ough which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliament. Most legislation starts in the LDP“s party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out political deals to smooth their passage. Only t
18、hen does the prime minister“s cabinet get fully involved in approving the policy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alone the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and allowing precious little room for public d
19、ebate and even less for accountability. As a result, progress will probably remain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threat to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a handful of insiders have now brought into
20、 one of Mr. Koizumi“s best slogans: “Change the LDP, change Japan.“（分数：10.00）(1).The diversion Yasuhisa Shizoki enjoys is mentioned in the text to _.（分数：2.00）A.introduce the topic of economic reforms.B.honor his unique service to the LDP.C.highlight his ability to solve problems.D.show how he sort o
21、ut his slogans.(2).The expression “the LDP mandarins“(Paragraph 4) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.cabinets who are held liable for their policies.B.those who work in LDP“s party committees.C.candidates for two higher LDP bodies.D.those who are strong in favor of reforms.(3).The basic problem of Ja
22、panese economy as pointed out by the writer lies in _.（分数：2.00）A.its prime minister“s negligence.B.the inefficiency of its parliament.C.its defective political structures.D.the resistance to any changes.(4).In the eyes of the author, a political reform in Japan _.（分数：2.00）A.should precede an economi
23、c reform.B.cannot do without Koizumi“s popularity.C.should follow an overhaul of the rules.D.is a now boom on the horizon.(5).It seems that the writer is very critical of _.（分数：2.00）A.LDP bodies“ accountability.B.the prime minister.C.advocates of economic reforms.D.the LDP machinery.Shortly after Se
24、ptember 11th, President Bush“s father observed that just as Pearl Harbor awakened this country from the notion that we could somehow avoid the call of duty to defend freedom in Europe and Asia in World War , so, too, should this most recent surprise attack erase the concept in some quarters that Ame
25、rica can somehow go it alone in the fight against terrorism or in anything else for that matter. But America“s allies have begun to wonder whether that is the lesson that has been learnedor whether the Afghanistan campaign“s apparent success shows that unilateralism works just fine. The United State
26、s, that argument goes, is so dominant that it can largely afford to go it alone. It is true that no nation since Rome has loomed so large above the others, but even Rome eventually collapsed. Only a decade ago, the conventional wisdom lamented an America in decline. Bestseller lists featured books t
27、hat described America“s fall. Japan would soon become “Number One“. That view was wrong at the time, and when I wrote “Bound to Lead“ in 1989, I, like others, predicted the continuing rise of American power. But the new conventional wisdom that America is invincible is equally dangerous if it leads
28、to a foreign policy that combines unilateralism, arrogance and parochialism. A number of advocates of “realist“ international relations theory have also expressed concern about America“s staying power. Throughout history, coalitions of countries have arisen to balance dominant powers, and the search
29、 for traditional shifts in the balance of power and new state challengers is well under way. Some see China as the new enemy; others envisage a Russia-China India coalition as the threat. But even if China maintains high growth rates of 6% while the United States achieves only 2%, it will not equal
30、the United States in income per head until the last half of the century. Still others see a uniting Europe as a potential federation that will challenge the United States for primacy. But this forecast depends on a high degree of European political unity, and a low state of transatlantic relations.
31、Although realists raise an important point about the leveling of power in the international arena, their quest for new cold-war-style challengers is largely barking up the wrong tree. They are ignoring deeper changes in the distribution and nature of power in the contemporary world. The paradox of A
32、merican power in the 21st century is that the largest power since Rome cannot achieve its objectives unilaterally in a global information age.（分数：10.00）(1).The author begins his article with George Bushes father“s words _.（分数：2.00）A.to warm of the doom of a terrorist attack.B.to criticize Americans“
33、 unilaterialism.C.to call on Americans to defend freedom.D.to show the primacy of US economy.(2).The advocates of realist international relations tend to think that _.（分数：2.00）A.potential federation will pose a challenge to US primacy.B.Japan is a positive example for the US to follow.C.US will main
34、tain its staying power in information age.D.America can go it alone in the fight against terrorism.(3).The attitude of those who are “barking up the wrong tree“ towards the primacy of US in the 21st century seems to be _.（分数：2.00）A.indifferent.B.optimistic.C.indignant.D.apprehensive.(4).The example
35、of a Russia-China-India coalition is used to show _.（分数：2.00）A.a sign of arrogance.B.an example of empires.C.a potential federation.D.an advocate of challengers.(5).What does the author think of unilateralism?（分数：2.00）A.It underlies power.B.It is to be pursued enthusiastically.C.It is second to terr
36、orism.D.It is to be dealt with cautiously.Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Union“s Lisbon summit set a goal of becoming the world“s leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new-age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. Th
37、at is why Europe“s approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But America“s failures have a big
38、advantage over Europe“s weaklings: their country“s more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge,
39、 and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up with a big chunk of equity, if not outright control. But shutting a bust European company is har
40、der in two other ways. First, with no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading abruptly. That dam ages the value of the creditors“ potential assets, and may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the European Union will find that it has to a
41、bide by different bankruptcy laws in the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and sometimes incompatible stipulations. The absence of provision for negotiations between companies and creditors increases the temptation for government to step in. When governments do n
42、ot come to the rescue, the lack of clear rules can lead to chaos. As a result of all this, Europe“s teetering firms miss the chance to become more competitive by selling assets to others who might manage them more efficiently. Their sickly American rivals survive, transformed, to sweep the field. An
43、 opportunity now exists to think again about Europe“s approach to bankruptcy. The European Union is expected to issue a new directive on the subject in May. Germany has begun to update its insolvency law. And last year Britain produced a white paper saying that a rigid approach to bankruptcy could s
44、tifle the growth needed to meet Lisbon“s goals.（分数：10.00）(1).One of goals set by the European Union“s Lisbon summit is _.（分数：2.00）A.to strive for the lead in the world“s economy.B.to subject more companies to bankruptcy.C.to revise an approach to bankrupt stipulations.D.to have advantage over Americ
45、an firms.(2).The word “weaklings“(Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.irrational creditors.B.competitive rivals.C.efficient negotiators.D.indebted firms.(3).According to what is beyond the ability of Europe“s firms now is _.（分数：2.00）A.to have access to more relaxed approach to bankruptcy.B
46、.to submit a plan of reorganization to a judge on request.C.to negotiate with their creditors when going bankrupt.D.to sell assets to others who might manage them efficiently.(4).Besides applying for breathing space from creditors, managers in American firms can also _.（分数：2.00）A.take advantage of l
47、egal procedures.B.ask for the government“s interventions.C.damage the creditors“ potential assets.D.talk with their stern debtors abroad.(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The achievement of Lisbon“s goals would precede the elimination of chaos.B.The best way to help
48、 European firms may be to make it easier for them to fail.C.It is high time that the rigid bankruptcy laws in the U.S. were radically changed.D.Shutting a weak American company means ending up with a big chunk of assets.For Tony Blair, home is a messy sort of place, where the prime minister“s job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make the country work a bit better. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most, i
