1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 24 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Determining the most effective way to deter delibera
2、te crimes, such as fraud, as opposed to impulsive crimes, such as crimes of passion , is a problem currently being debated in the legal community. On one side of the debate aye those scholars who believe that deliberate crimes are a product of the influence of societal norms and institutions on indi
3、viduals. These scholars suggest that changing people“s beliefs about crime, increasing the access of the most economically alienated individuals to economic institutions, and rehabilitating those convicted of this type of crime will reduce the crime rate. On the other side are those legal scholars w
4、ho believe that the decision to commit a deliberate crime is primarily the result of individual choice. They suggest that increasing the fines and penalties associated with criminal activity, along with efficacious law enforcement is the best deterrence method. However, some recent legal scholarship
5、 has changed the nature of this debate by introducing an economic principle that shows that these two positions, far from being antithetical, are surprisingly complementary. The economic principle that reconciles the two positions is that of utility maximization, which holds that, given a choice of
6、actions, rational individuals will choose the action that maximizes their anticipated overall satisfaction, or expected utility. The expected utility of an action is ascertained by determining the utilities of the possible outcomes of that action, weighing them according to the likelihood of each ou
7、tcome“s coming to pass, and then adding up those weighted utilities. Using this economic framework, an individual“s decision to commit a crime can be analyzed as a rational economic choice. According to the utility maximization principle a person who responds rationally to economic incentives or dis
8、incentives will commit a crime if the expected utility from doing so, given the chance of getting caught, exceeds the expected utility from activity that is lawful. Within this framework the two crime-deterrence methods have the same overall effect. For instance, the recommendations on one side of t
9、he crime deterrence debate to increase penalties for crimes and strengthen law enforcement result in an increased likelihood of detection and punishment and impose an increased cost to the individual if detected and punished. This lowers the expected utility from criminal activity, thereby making a
10、person less likely to choose to commit a deliberate crime. The recommendations on the other side of the debate, such as increasing the economic opportunities of individuals most alienated from economic institutions, also affect the utility equation. All else being equal, these types of policies will
11、 effectively increase the expected utility from lawful activity. This economic analysis demonstrates that the two positions are not fundamentally in conflict and that the optimal approach to crime deterrence would include elements of both deterrence strategies.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “deter“(Line 1,
12、Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.discourageB.denyC.prohibitD.authorize(2).The author mentions “crimes of passion“ in line 2 primarily in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.give an example of a kind of deliberate crimeB.provide a contrast that helps to define a deliberate crimeC.demonstrate that no
13、t all crimes can be deterredD.help illustrate one side of the current debate in the legal community(3).According to the passage, the relations between the two positions in the debate are_.（分数：2.00）A.antitheticalB.contradictoryC.complementaryD.identical(4).Which one of the following most accurately d
14、escribes the organization of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Two sides of a debate are described and a general principle is used to resolve the conflict between them.B.Two sides of a debate are described and an economic principle is applied to decide between them.C.Two beliefs are described and a principle i
15、s introduced to discredit them.D.A general principle is described and used to highlight the differences between two sides in a debate.(5).The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with each of the following statements EXCEPT:（分数：2.00）A.The rate of deliberate crimes is likely to i
16、ncrease if the access of individuals to economic institutions decreases.B.The rate of deliberate crimes will tend to vary inversely with the level of law enforcement.C.The rate at which criminals return to criminal activity is likely to increase if efforts to rehabilitate them are ended.D.The rate o
17、f deliberate crimes is likely to decrease if the expected utility of lawful activities decreases.A latest study suggest that expressing emotions about a traumatic experience in a coherent way may be important to not just mental but physical health as well. It showed that the calming effect of writin
18、g can cut physical wound healing time nearly in half. Researchers led by Elizabeth Broadbent, a senior lecturer in health psychology at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, studied 49 healthy senior citizens, aged 64 to 97. For three days, half were assigned to write for 20 minutes a day about
19、 the most traumatic event they had experienced, and were encouraged to be as open and candid as they could. The other participants wrote for the same duration about their plans for the next day, avoiding mentioning their feelings, opinions or beliefs. Two weeks after the first day of writing, resear
20、chers took small skin biopsies, under local anesthesia, that left a wound on the arms of all participants. The skin tissue was used for another study. A week later, Broadbent and her colleagues started photographing the wounds every three to five days until they were completely healed. Eleven days a
21、fter the biopsy, 76% of the group that had written about trauma had fully healed while only 42% of the other group had. However, it“s not the first, to reveal the intriguing connection between state-of-mind and physical health. In previous studies, this type of emotionally expressive writing, as opp
22、osed to writing on neutral topics, reduced viral load in HIV-positive patients and increased their levels of virus-fighting immune cells. The practice also increased the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination by increasing antibody levels generated by the vaccine and speeding wound healing in
23、young men. But in terms of psychological health, the results are more conflicting. A recent study found that writing about disturbing combat experiences may improve marital satisfaction among soldiers returning home from war zones while another paper in which patients with post-traumatic stress diso
24、rder(PTSD)wrote about their difficult experiences did not find that the practice reduced symptoms. Putting emotions down in words did, however, improve mood and reduce levels of stress hormone in these patients. One way that writing about distressing events could give the body a boost is by promotin
25、g sleep. “Many people who have written about their negative experiences report that it allowed them to gain greater insight into what happened and to put the event into perspective,“ says Koschwanez, “This might reduce the extent to which the event troubles them and possibly improve their sleep. “ T
26、he writing may also help the body by reducing stress; less anxiety means fewer stress hormones, which can interfere with chemicals needed for wound healing. While Broadbent“s study did not find such a link, it“s possible the researchers were not evaluating the right anxiety measures. “It might be th
27、at our perceived stress questionnaire was not assessing the right type or duration of stress,“ says Koschwanez, a study co-author and postdoctoral fellow at the University of Auckland. It“s also possible that emotional writing is not helpful for everyone. In one study published last month, when peop
28、le who typically are stoic wrote about their worst trauma, their anxiety actually increased. That suggests that pushing people to express feelings when they are not inclined to do so can actually increase risk for PTSD.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one of the following is not an example that the author cites
29、in the passage to support the view that emotionally expressive writing can improve physical health?（分数：2.00）A.the calming effect of writing fastened healing after researchers took small skin biopsies and left a wound on the arms of two groups of people.B.emotionally expressive writing reduced viral
30、load in HIV-positive patients and increased their levels of virus-fighting immune cells.C.emotionally expressive writing increased the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination by increasing antibody levels generated by the vaccine and speeding wound healing in young men.D.writing about disturbin
31、g combat experiences may improve marital satisfaction among soldiers returning home from war zones.(2).By citing the example that patients with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)did not find their symptoms reduced through writing, the author intended to_.（分数：2.00）A.argue that emotionally expressiv
32、e writing can improve physical healthB.prove that emotionally expressive writing does not always improve psychological healthC.illustrate that post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is the most difficult psychological disease to treatD.show that the calming effect of writing can not cut psychological w
33、ound healing time nearly in half(3).According to the passage, emotionally expressive writing can promote physical health by_.（分数：2.00）A.promoting sleep and reducing stressB.reducing stress hormones and toxins in the bodyC.curing insomniaD.increasing chemicals needed for wound healing(4).Reducing str
34、ess is helpful for physical health because_.（分数：2.00）A.less stress means greater insight into what happened and to put the event into perspectiveB.it can improve moodC.it can improve marital satisfaction:D.stress hormones can interfere with chemicals needed for wound healing(5).The underlined word “
35、stoic“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.stereotypedB.enthusiasticC.impassiveD.dullIt is commonly assumed that even if some forgeries have aesthetic merit, no forgery has as much as an original by the imitated artist would. Yet even the most prominent art specialists can be
36、duped by a talented artist turned forger into mistaking an almost perfect forgery for an original. For instance, artist Han van Meegeren“ s The Disciples at Emmaus(1937)painted under the forged signature of the acclaimed Dutch master Jan Vermeer(1632 1675)attracted lavish praise from experts as one
37、of Vermeer“s finest works. The painting hung in a Rotterdam museum until 1945, when, to the great embarrassment of the critics; van Meegeren revealed its origin. Astonishingly, there was at least one highly reputed critic who persisted in believing it to be a Vermeer even after van Meegeren“s confes
38、sion. Given the experts“ initial enthusiasm, some philosophers argue that van Meegeren“s painting must have possessed aesthetic characteristics that, in a Vermeer original, would have justified the critics“ plaudits. Van Meegeren“ s Emmaus thus raises difficult questions regarding the status of supe
39、rbly executed forgeries. Is a forgery inherently inferior as art? How are we justified, if indeed we are, in revising downwards our critical assessment of a work unmasked as a forgery? Philosopher of art Alfred Lessing proposes convincing answers to these questions. A forged work is indeed inferior
40、as art, Lessing argues, but not because of a shortfall in aesthetic qualities strictly defined, that is to say, in the qualities perceptible on the picture“ s surface. For example, in its composition, its technique, and its brilliant use of color, van Meegeren“s work is flawless, even beautiful. Les
41、sing argues instead that the deficiency lies in what might be called the painting“s intangible qualities. All art, explains Lessing, involves technique, but not all art involves origination of a new vision, and originality of vision is one of the fundamental qualities by which artistic, as opposed p
42、urely aesthetic, accomplishment is measured. Thus Vermeer is acclaimed for having inaugurated, in the seventeenth century, a new way of seeing, and pioneering techniques for embodying this new way of seeing through distinctive treatment of light, color, and form. Even if we grant that van Meegeren,
43、with his undoubted mastery of Vermeer“ s innovative techniques, produced an aesthetically superior painting, he did so about three centuries after Vermeer developed the techniques in question. Whereas Vermeer“ s origination of these techniques in the seventeenth century represents a truly impressive
44、 and historic achievement, van Meegeren“s production of The Disciples at Emmaus in the twentieth century presents nothing new or creative to the history of art. Van Meegeren“s forgery therefore, for all its aesthetic merits, lacks the historical significance that makes Vermeer“s work artistically gr
45、eat.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “dupe“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.condemnB.persuadeC.dishonorD.deceive(2).In the first paragraph, the author refers to a highly reputed critic“s persistence in believing Van Meegeren“s forgery to be a genuine Vermeer primarily in order to_.（分数
46、：2.00）A.argue that many art critics are inflexible in their judgmentB.indicate that the critics at that time were not as knowledgeable as they appearedC.illustrate the difficulties that skillfully executed forgeries can pose for art criticsD.suggest that the paining may yet turn out to be a genuine
47、Vermeer(3).Which one of the following most accurately express the main point of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Disciples at Emmaus, Van Meegeren“s forgery of a Vermeer, was a failure in both aesthetic and artistic terms.B.Forged artworks are artistically inferior to originals because artistic value depe
48、nds in large part on originality of vision.C.The most skilled forgers can deceive even highly qualified art experts into accepting their work as original.D.All critics tend to be unreliable judges of the aesthetic and artistic quality of works of art.(4).In Lessing“s view, Van Meegeren“s work falls
49、short in its_.（分数：2.00）A.origination of a new visionB.compositionC.techniqueD.use of color(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.it is probable that many paintings currently hanging in important museums are actually forgeriesB.the historical circumstances surrounding the creation of a work are important in assessing the artistic value o
