1、中医综合-方剂学(六)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The China boom is by now a well-documented phenomenon. Who hasnt (1) the Middle Kingdoms astounding economic growth (8 percent annually), its mesmerizing (2) market (1.2 billion people), the investment ardor of foreign suitors
2、 ($40 billion in foreign direct investment last year (3) )? China is an economic juggernaut. (4) Nicholas Lardy of the Brookings Institution, a Washington D. C.-based think tank,“ No country has (5) its foreign trade as fast as China over the last 20 years. Japan (6) its foreign trade over a 20-year
3、 period; Chinas foreign trade as quintupled. Theyve become the pre-eminent producer of labor-intensive (7) goods in the world “ . But theres been (8) from the dazzling China growth storynamely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese companies have (9) established themselves, or their brands, (1
4、0) the global stage. But as Haier shows, that is starting to change. (11) 100 years of poverty and chaos, of being overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial companies are starting to (12) on the world.A new generation of large and credible firms has (13) in China in th
5、e electronics, appliance and even high-tech sectors. Some have reached critical mass on the mainland and are now (14) new outlets for their productionthrough exports and by building Chinese factories abroad, chiefly in Southeast Asia. One example: Chinas investment in Malaysia (15) from $8 million i
6、n 2000 to $766 million in the first half of this year. (16) Chinas export prowess, it will be years (17) Chinese firms achieve the managerial and operational expertise of Western and Japanese multinationals. For one thing, many of its best companies are still at least partially state-owned. (18) , C
7、hina has a shortage of managerial talent and little notion of marketing and brand-building. Its companies are also (19) by the countrys long tradition of central planning, inefficient use of capital and antiquated distribution system, (20) makes building national companies a challenge.（分数：10.00）(1).
8、A listened B listened to C heard D heard of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A labor B consumer C archives D celebrity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A alone B only C along D lonely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A As B As to C Judging by D According to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A expanded B extended C intended D inflated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(
9、6).A doubted B doubled C thought D timed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A triggering B manufacturing C generating D raising（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A something missing B missing something C something lost D lost something（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A still B to C yet D been（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A at B in C over D on（分数：0
10、.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A Behind B Before C Since D After（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A make a call B make a cry C make a mark D make a voice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A setup B established C emerged D maintained（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A seeking B searching C manipulating D calculating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A rising B in
11、creasing C enhanced D soared（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A For all B All for C All of D After all（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A after B before C since D till（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A Whats more B Whats new C Whats worse D Whats surprise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A making it B prevented C handicapped D protected（分数：0.50）
12、A.B.C.D.(20).A that B which C this D what（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influe
13、nce, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch. And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of drugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always wan
14、t to experiment with things to make them feel good.“Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions that allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to pay extra attention to what neurologists call saliencethat is, special relevance. Threats, fo
15、r example, are highly salient, which is why we instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex because they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this ready-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision mak
16、ing skills and conditioning kick insalience in overdriveto create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving. “Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction,“ says Volkow. “But because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to
17、 drugs or alcohol.“That can go for nonchemical addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, may start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-specific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obes
18、e people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hyperactivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuliincluding the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the floodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, tho
19、ugh.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict. Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can evaluate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly how that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive f
20、our-week rehabilitation program. Those who were more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the program were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to adjust to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using an
21、alytical areas of the brain while performing decision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there were reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can override impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in
22、the relapsers an effect rather than a cause of the chemical abusebut the fact that the cognitive deficit existed in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict: wh
23、o would relapse within a year simply by examining the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the brains reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are looking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the
24、compound. The hope is that if you can reduce the effect of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signal, you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use of drugsA is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B makes it hard for people to
25、drive safely under its influence.C has to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D is understandable behavior because it dates back long ago.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, anyone may be addicted to drugs if theyA are born with a predisposition to addiction.B use certain che
26、micals long and frequently enough.C have sufficient drugs or alcohol to use.D create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example ofA pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B obese people with brain hyperactivity.C those wh
27、o cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D those who might also be addicted to gambling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paulus could accurately predict the relapsers becauseA the part of their brain controlling cognitive skills is less active.B a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective e
28、nough.C he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any brain damage.D something innate to their brains prompt them to use drugs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the passage that we may cure addiction byA scanning of brain as often as possible.B consciously practicing cognitive skills.C go
29、ing through intensive rehabilitation programs.D making the neurotransmitter less sensitive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil from the suggestion that
30、 most of the best things have already been located. If they have, todays scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is
31、 a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of todays leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science pr
32、ovoked a wave of denunciation in the United States last year. “The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief, “Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus o
33、f scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960sthe genetic code, plate tectonics, and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Banggenuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money o
34、n research, that ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than todays? That seems unlikely. A
35、far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. “Look, dont get me wrong,“ says Mr Horgan. “There are lots of important things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and
36、for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress./（分数：10.00）(1).The sentence “most of the best things have already been located“ could mean_.A. most of the best things have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things
37、waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).John Horgan_. has published a book entitled The End of Science. has been working as an editor of Scientific American. has been working many years as a literary critic. is working as a science writer
38、A. and B. C. and D. , and （分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades because_.A. there have been decreased returns in the research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engi
39、neering take up too much time and energyD. todays scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The term “the Big Bang“ probably refers to_.A. the genetic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic ener
40、gy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title of this passage can be_.A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modern ScientistsC. The State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes Scarce
41、（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous
42、to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures.W
43、hat was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos“ rather than “might-dos“, and who feel that academia bas not been sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of the employers possibl
44、e contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unanimity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive in
45、fusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders The Institute of Managements 1992 survey, which revealed that eig
46、hty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subj
47、ugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not ne
48、ed to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualificatio
49、n, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientists and
