1、中国矿业大学考博英语真题 2012 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：8.00)A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after d
2、ay my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn“t hard to define. It mea
3、ns that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty, kindness, and so onaccountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no lawand ultimately, no societ
4、y. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people“s behaviour are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately
5、 there still communitiessmaller towns, usuallywhere schools maintaining discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done!“ Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restrains are l
6、oosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a s
7、hocking reversal, it“s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn“t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn“t provide a stable home. I don“t believe it. Many others in equally di
8、sadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses, where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commi
9、ts a crime is the one responsible for it.（分数：8.00）(1).What the wise man said suggests that _.（分数：2.00）A.It“s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB.It“s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC.It“s only natural for virtue to defeat evilD.It“s desirable fo
10、r good men to keep away from evil(2).According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, _.（分数：2.00）A.society is held to be responsibleB.modem civilization is responsible for itC.the criminal himself should bear the blameD.the standards of living should be improved(3).Compared with thos
11、e in small towns, people in large cities have _.（分数：2.00）A.less self-disciplineB.better sense of disciplineC.more mutual respectD.less effective government(4).The writer is sorry to have noticed that _.（分数：2.00）A.people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB.people in small towns still stick to o
12、ld discipline and standardsC.today“s society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD.people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities三、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Encouraged by the policy that fosters auto market for the country“s over 200 million families, automotive trading
13、companies have mushroomed in all provinces and autonomous regions. Service companies are also formed to profit by gathering information on automotive operation and organizing advertising and public relations campaigns for auto makers. Many daily newspapers have set aside one or more pages to regular
14、ly carry news and information in the area. Dozens of car magazines seem to have leapt into being overnight. However, opinions about automotive development are varied. Many Chinese believe millions of additional motor vehicles will worsen the traffic problem and tail-gas-related environmental polluti
15、on. With some 10 million motor vehicles of which some 1.5 million are towns. And parking has increasingly become a headache. Petrol is another problem. China produces 142 million tons of crude oil a year, which translates into a very low percapita average. By 1993, China had already become a net imp
16、orter of oil. But it cannot import much more oil by spending enormous foreign exchange to feed tens of millions for motor vehicles. Despite all the disagreements, China needs a rapid development of the automotive industry which will boost many other industries including metallurgy, rubber, petro-che
17、mical, plastic, textiles, electronics and machinery. More important, it will boost construction of roads and parking facilities and promote progress of environment-related technologies. Chinese automotive industrial experts predict that new fields in the trade will emerge to absorb domestic and over
18、seas, investment. These include production of new auto materials, refinery of fuel (non-lead gasoline, etc.) and development of new energy.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, what is the result of the policy on auto market?（分数：2.00）A.Automotive trading companies sprang upB.Service compani
19、es are making money by providing information for the auto makersC.Many newspapers and magazine regularly carry news and information on automotive industriesD.All of the above(2).Which is not mentioned at the problems caused by the automotive industry?（分数：2.00）A.The traffic problem is getting worseB.
20、There is tail-gas-related environmental pollution,C.There is petrol shortageD.People“s per-capita income becomes lower(3).The rapid development of automotive industry is important because _.（分数：2.00）A.other industries need co-operation of the automotive industryB.it can stimulate oil importC.it will
21、 boost construction of roads and parking facilitiesD.it will gain more profit(4).Which of the following is implied but not stated in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.A nation“s policy on economy can affect its economic behaviour greatlyB.It“s easy to make money by establishing some new industriesC.Many people
22、 don“t agree on a fast development of automotive industryD.Some Chinese automotive industrial experts predict that new fields in the automotive trade will emerge to absorb domestic and overseas investment四、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：8.00)The way people hold to the belief that a fun filled, painfree life
23、 equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid
24、 the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, self-improvement. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satis
25、fying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky t
26、o get a whole night“s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don“t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true
27、happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now
28、seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: We now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because _.（分数：2.00）A.he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesB.he be
29、lieves that life will be more cheerful if he remains singleC.he finds more fun in dating than in marriageD.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement(2).Raising children, in the author“s opinion is _.（分数：2.00）A.a moral dutyB.a thankless jobC.a rewarding taskD.a source of ine
30、vitable pain(3).From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from _.（分数：2.00）A.hatredB.misunderstandingC.prejudiceD.ignorance(4).To understand what true happiness is one must _.（分数：2.00）A.have as much fun as possible during one“s lifetimeB.make every effort to liberate oneself from pa
31、inC.put up with pain under all circumstancesD.be able to distinguish happiness from fun五、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Stalwart lumberjacks and others engaged in active l
32、abor requiring 4,000 calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflict those w
33、ho insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The letter, however, dissolved within the
34、alimentary tract more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of stomach by means of the fluoroscope, that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with “authority“. Volumes have been written on nutritio
35、n, and everywhere the dictum has been acceptedno fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so far as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he poss
36、esses a powerful gastric apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gal
37、l bladder. Thus it is that bile mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach. We don“t need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first conde
38、mnation probably arose because an “oracle“ suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been
39、 refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.（分数：8.00）(1).This passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipmentB.the digestibility of fried foodsC.why flied goods have long been frowned uponD.methods of preparing foods(2).The m
40、ain idea of this passage is that _.（分数：2.00）A.contrary to popular opinion, fried goods are more easily assimilated than boiled goodsB.fried goods are more easily digested than boiled foods though authorities believe the opposite to be trueC.the public should eat more flied foods since they are as ea
41、sily digested as boiled goodsD.despite the traditional condemnation of flied goods, they are easily digested as foods cooked in other ways(3).Apparently much fried food is eaten because _.（分数：2.00）A.it is easily preparedB.people engaged in active labor need the calories that fat suppliesC.it is easi
42、ly digestedD.people do not read about nutrition(4).The author strongly implies that the public should _.（分数：2.00）A.avoid fried goods if possibleB.prepare some foods by fryingC.fry foods intended for adults but not for childrenD.avoid deep fat frying but otherwise fry selected foods六、Passage Five(总题数
43、：1，分数：8.00)Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven utility. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old
44、 Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.“ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of th
45、e legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crim
46、e he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract the denial and restore the self has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The exaction of the death penalty is a ri
47、ght the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his true. Modem jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the
48、idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found
49、. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminal who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him, If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume
